{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:26:24Z","timestamp":1774311984617,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]],"date-time":"2022-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research &amp; Development Program","award":["No. 2017YFE0131400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2017YFE0131400"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research &amp; Development Program","award":["No. 42074045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 42074045"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research &amp; Development Program","award":["No. DLLJ202104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. DLLJ202104"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research &amp; Development Program","award":["No. 41761089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 41761089"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No. 2017YFE0131400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2017YFE0131400"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No. 42074045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 42074045"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No. DLLJ202104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. DLLJ202104"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No. 41761089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 41761089"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Digital Land and Resources of Jiangxi Province, East China University of Technology","award":["No. 2017YFE0131400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2017YFE0131400"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Digital Land and Resources of Jiangxi Province, East China University of Technology","award":["No. 42074045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 42074045"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Digital Land and Resources of Jiangxi Province, East China University of Technology","award":["No. DLLJ202104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. DLLJ202104"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Digital Land and Resources of Jiangxi Province, East China University of Technology","award":["No. 41761089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 41761089"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No. 2017YFE0131400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2017YFE0131400"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No. 42074045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 42074045"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No. DLLJ202104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. DLLJ202104"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No. 41761089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 41761089"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present the ionospheric disturbance responses over low-latitude regions by using total electron content from Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellites of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), ionosonde data and Swarm satellite data, during the geomagnetic storm in August 2018. The results show that a prominent total electron content (TEC) enhancement over low-latitude regions is observed during the main phase of the storm. There is a persistent TEC increase lasting for about 1\u20132 days and a moderately positive disturbance response during the recovery phase on 27\u201328 August, which distinguishes from the general performance of ionospheric TEC in the previous storms. We also find that this phenomenon is a unique local-area disturbance of the ionosphere during the recovery phase of the storm. The enhanced foF2 and hmF2 of the ionospheric F2 layer is observed by SANYA and LEARMONTH ionosonde stations during the recovery phase. The electron density from Swarm satellites shows a strong equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crest over the low-latitude area during the main phase of storm, which is simultaneous with the uplift of the ionospheric F2 layer from the SANYA ionosonde. Meanwhile, the thermosphere O\/N2 ratio shows a local increase on 27\u201328 August over low-latitude regions. From the above results, this study suggests that the uplift of F layer height and the enhanced O\/N2 ratio are possibly main factors causing the local-area positive disturbance responses during the recovery phase of the storm in August 2018.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14092272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]],"date-time":"2022-05-08T23:27:25Z","timestamp":1652052445000},"page":"2272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Local Persistent Ionospheric Positive Responses to the Geomagnetic Storm in August 2018 Using BDS-GEO Satellites over Low-Latitude Regions in Eastern Hemisphere"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1292-6746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China"},{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2755-0646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"},{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6167-408X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dengpan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"}]},{"given":"Zhengyu","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"}]},{"given":"Xingliang","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"}]},{"given":"Xuequn","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5771","DOI":"10.1029\/93JA02867","article-title":"What is a geomagnetic storm?","volume":"99","author":"Gonzalez","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JA028817","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JA028817","article-title":"Investigation of a neutral \u201ctongue\u201d observed by GOLD during the geomagnetic storm on May 11, 2019","volume":"126","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9234","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JA022984","article-title":"Long-lasting negative ionospheric storm effects in low and middle latitudes during the recovery phase of the 17 March 2013 geomagnetic storm","volume":"121","author":"Yue","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1029\/JZ064i003p00305","article-title":"A study of the morphology of ionospheric storms","volume":"64","author":"Matsushita","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A27","DOI":"10.1051\/swsc\/2013049","article-title":"A review of GPS\/GLONASS studies of the ionospheric response to natural and anthropogenic processes and phenomena","volume":"3","author":"Afraimovich","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Space Weather Space Clim."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-012-9212-0","article-title":"Ionospheric scintillation and dynamics of fresnel-scale irregularities in the inner region of the equatorial ionization anomaly","volume":"34","author":"Muella","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2015.10.021","article-title":"The response of the ionosphere to intense geomagnetic storms in 2012 using GPS-TEC data from east Africa longitudinal sector","volume":"135","author":"Tesema","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3212","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2044579","article-title":"Ionospheric response to the geomagnetic storm on August 21, 2003 over China using GNSS-based tomographic technique","volume":"48","author":"Wen","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2055875","article-title":"Monitoring the daytime variations of equatorial ionospheric anomaly using IONEX data and CHAMP GPS data","volume":"49","author":"Huo","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9023","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JA021629","article-title":"Ionospheric response to the 2015 St. Patrick\u2019s Day storm: A global multi-instrumental overview","volume":"120","author":"Astafyeva","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10303","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JA023382","article-title":"Ionospheric detection and localization of volcano eruptions on the example of the April 2015 Calbuco events","volume":"121","author":"Shults","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2017.07.007","article-title":"Atmospheric-ionospheric disturbances following the April 2015 Calbuco volcano from GPS observations","volume":"60","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46607","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46607","article-title":"Real-time detection of tsunami ionospheric disturbances with a stand-alone GNSS receiver: A preliminary feasibility demonstration","volume":"7","author":"Savastano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL075989","article-title":"Ionospheric total electron content response to the great American solar eclipse of 21 August 2017","volume":"45","author":"Cherniak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JA026152","article-title":"Medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances induced by Typhoon Chan-hom over China","volume":"124","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-020-09584-7","article-title":"Analysis of plasma bubble signatures in total electron content maps of the low-latitude ionosphere: A simplified methodology","volume":"41","author":"Espejo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1002\/2016SW001408","article-title":"The impact of the 17 March 2015 St. Patrick\u2019s Day storm on the evolutionary pattern of equatorial ionization anomaly over the Indian longitudes using high-resolution spatiotemporal TEC maps: New insights","volume":"14","author":"Yadav","year":"2016","journal-title":"Space Weather"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.5194\/angeo-37-673-2019","article-title":"A case study of the large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances in the eastern Asian sector during the 2015 St. Patrick\u2019s Day geomagnetic storm","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2019.03.038","article-title":"Response of ionosphere over Korea and adjacent areas to 17 March 2015 geomagnetic storm","volume":"64","author":"Mengist","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JA026175","article-title":"Solar flare and geomagnetic storm effects on the thermosphere and ionosphere during 6-11 September 2017","volume":"124","author":"Qian","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2019.05.042","article-title":"Analysis of ionospheric TEC from GPS, GIM and global ionosphere models during moderate, strong, and extreme geomagnetic storms over Indian region","volume":"161","author":"Reddybattula","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10728","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JA026782","article-title":"Features of storm-induced ionospheric irregularities from ground-based and spaceborne GPS observations during the 2015 St. Patrick\u2019s Day storm","volume":"124","author":"Zakharenkova","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2020.105198","article-title":"Statistical study of geomagnetic storm effects on the occurrence of ionospheric irregularities over equatorial\/low-latitude region of Africa from 2001 to 2017","volume":"199","author":"Dugassa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3421","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JA022299","article-title":"Middle- and low-latitude ionosphere response to 2015 St. Patrick\u2019s Day geomagnetic storm","volume":"121","author":"Nava","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27641","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JA027641","article-title":"Pattern of latitudinal distribution of ionospheric irregularities in the African region and the effect of March 2015 St. Patrick\u2019s Day storm","volume":"125","author":"Bolaji","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s10509-020-3747-1","article-title":"The effect of geomagnetic storms on the total electron content over the low latitude Saudi Arab region: A focus on St. Patrick\u2019s Day storm","volume":"365","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Astrophys. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-010-0367-5","article-title":"GPS slant total electron content accuracy using the single layer model under different geomagnetic regions and ionospheric conditions","volume":"84","author":"Brunini","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2014.2350037","article-title":"Investigation of SBAS L1\/L5 signals and their application to the ionospheric TEC studies","volume":"12","author":"Kunitsyn","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geog.2016.04.011","article-title":"Evaluation of regional ionospheric grid model over China from dense GPS observations","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geod. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H., Xuhai, Y., Zhe, Z., and Zhao, K. (2018). High-precision ionosphere monitoring using continuous measurements from BDS GEO satellites. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18030714"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2018.08.001","article-title":"Application of BDS-GEO for studying TEC variability in equatorial ionosphere on different time scales","volume":"63","author":"Padokhin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45004","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6501\/ab4eb8","article-title":"Independent temporal and spatial variation analysis of ionospheric TEC over Asia-Pacific area based on BDS GEO satellites","volume":"31","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6424","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.3032741","article-title":"Characteristics of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances and ionospheric irregularities at mid-latitudes revealed by the total electron content associated with the Beidou geostationary satellite","volume":"59","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-021-01155-6","article-title":"Local ionospheric plasma bubble revealed by BDS geostationary earth orbit satellite observations","volume":"25","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JA028809","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JA028809","article-title":"Latitudinal variations of daytime periodic ionospheric disturbances from Beidou GEO TEC observations over China","volume":"126","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11207-019-1574-8","article-title":"Peculiar solar sources and geospace disturbances on 20\u201326 August 2018","volume":"295","author":"Abunin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Solar Phys."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JA028238","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JA028238","article-title":"Persistence of the long-duration daytime TEC enhancements at different longitudinal sectors during the August 2018 geomagnetic storm","volume":"125","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3217","DOI":"10.1029\/2017JA025166","article-title":"Was magnetic storm the only driver of the long-duration enhancements of daytime total electron content in the Asian-Australian sector between 7 and 12 September 2017?","volume":"123","author":"Lei","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020SW002480","DOI":"10.1029\/2020SW002480","article-title":"High-speed solar wind imprints on the ionosphere during the recovery phase of the August 2018 geomagnetic storm","volume":"18","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Space Weather"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JA028663","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JA028663","article-title":"First look at a geomagnetic storm with Santa Maria Digisonde data: F region signatures and comparisons over the American sector","volume":"126","author":"Moro","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2019.07.044","article-title":"Ionospheric parameters in the European sector during the magnetic storm of August 25\u201326, 2018","volume":"65","author":"Blagoveshchensky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1029\/94RS00449","article-title":"Estimation of the transmitter and receiver differential biases and the ionospheric total electron content from Global Positioning System observations","volume":"29","author":"Sardon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-012-4454-8","article-title":"Extraction of line-of-sight ionospheric observables from GPS data using precise point positioning","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-018-1194-3","article-title":"Multi-GNSS triple-frequency differential code bias (DCB) determination with precise point positioning (PPP)","volume":"93","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-006-0093-1","article-title":"Calibration errors on experimental slant total electron content (TEC) determined with GPS","volume":"81","author":"Ciraolo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1002\/navi.207","article-title":"Improving DCB estimation using uncombined PPP","volume":"64","author":"Xiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Navigation"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-012-0565-4","article-title":"Two-step method for the determination of the differential code biases of COMPASS satellites","volume":"86","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GL012511","article-title":"Variations of ionospheric total electron content during the Chi-Chi earthquake","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2013.02.006","article-title":"Seismo-ionospheric anomalies in total electron content of the GIM and electron density of DEMETER before the 27 February 2010 M8.8 Chile Earthquake","volume":"51","author":"Ho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2015.2463081","article-title":"Temporal and spatial ionospheric variations of 20 April 2013 earthquake in Yaan, China","volume":"12","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1007\/s10950-017-9684-y","article-title":"Analysis of ionospheric vertical total electron content before the 1 April 2014 Mw 8.2 Chile earthquake","volume":"21","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Seismol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.5194\/angeo-35-589-2017","article-title":"Seismo-ionospheric anomalies in ionospheric TEC and plasma density before the 17 July 2006 M7.7 south of Java earthquake","volume":"35","author":"Tao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jog.2019.05.004","article-title":"Seismo ionospheric anomalies before the 2007 M7.7 Chile earthquake from GPS TEC and DEMETER","volume":"127","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"A04302","article-title":"Observations and simulations of seismoionospheric GPS total electron content anomalies before the 12 January 2010 M7 Haiti earthquake","volume":"116","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2020.05.025","article-title":"Ionospheric response to the 26 August 2018 geomagnetic storm using GPS-TEC observations along 80\u00b0E and 120\u00b0E longitudes in the Asian sector","volume":"66","author":"Lissa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2019.09.025","article-title":"Effects on the equatorial and low latitude thermosphere and ionosphere during the 19\u201322 December 2015 geomagnetic storm period","volume":"65","author":"Mansilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s40328-018-0221-4","article-title":"Latitudinal variation of F-region ionospheric response during three strongest geomagnetic storms of 2015","volume":"53","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Geod. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5764","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JA020156","article-title":"Effects of prolonged southward interplanetary magnetic field on low-latitude ionospheric electron density","volume":"119","author":"Bagiya","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8121","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JA022882","article-title":"Relative importance of horizontal and vertical transports to the formation of ionospheric storm-enhanced density and polar tongue of ionization","volume":"121","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JA020657","article-title":"Ionospheric response to CIR-induced recurrent geomagnetic activity during the declining phase of solar cycle 23","volume":"120","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/9\/2272\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:07:56Z","timestamp":1760137676000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/9\/2272"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14092272"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14092272","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]]}}}