{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T04:40:15Z","timestamp":1776314415916,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42077242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42077242"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42171407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171407"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1702241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1702241"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KF-2020-05-024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KF-2020-05-024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NSFC-Yunnan Joint Fund","award":["42077242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42077242"]}]},{"name":"NSFC-Yunnan Joint Fund","award":["42171407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171407"]}]},{"name":"NSFC-Yunnan Joint Fund","award":["U1702241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1702241"]}]},{"name":"NSFC-Yunnan Joint Fund","award":["KF-2020-05-024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KF-2020-05-024"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["42077242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42077242"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["42171407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171407"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["U1702241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1702241"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["KF-2020-05-024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KF-2020-05-024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The traditional method of obtaining rock quality designation (RQD) cannot fully reflect the anisotropy of the rock mass and thus cannot accurately reflect its quality. In the method of calculating RQD based on three-dimensional network simulation of discontinuities, due to the limited number of samples and low accuracy of discontinuity data obtained by manual contact measurement, a certain deviation in the network is generated based on the data, which has an impact on the calculation result. Taking a typical slope in Dongsheng quarry in Changchun City as an example, in this study, we obtained the discontinuity data of the slope based on digital close-range photogrammetry, which greatly enlarged the sample size of discontinuity data and improved the data quality. Based on the heterogeneity of the rock mass, the optimum threshold of discontinuity spacing was determined when surveying lines were laid parallel to different coordinate axes to calculate the generalized RQD, and the influence of measuring blank areas on the slope caused by vegetation coverage or gravel accumulation was eliminated. The real generalized RQD of the rock mass after eliminating the influence of blank areas was obtained. Experiments showed that, after eliminating the influence of blank areas, the generalized RQD of the slope rock mass more truly represented the complete quality of rock mass and offers a new idea for the quality evaluation of engineering rock mass.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14092275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T00:30:28Z","timestamp":1652142628000},"page":"2275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Research on Generalized RQD of Rock Mass Based on 3D Slope Model Established by Digital Close-Range Photogrammetry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Qing","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3460-9928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fengyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Construction Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2806-858X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingchang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2012.12.007","article-title":"Size effect of RQD and generalized representative volume elements: A case study on an underground excavation in Baihetan dam, Southwest China","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2016.01.002","article-title":"Comparison of quantified and chart GSI for four rock masses","volume":"202","author":"Bertuzzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S1365-1609(02)00011-4","article-title":"Some new Q-value correlations to assist in site characterisation and tunnel design","volume":"39","author":"Barton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Romana, M. (1985, January 2\u20134). New Adjustment Ratings for Application of Bieniawski Classification to Slopes. Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Role of Rock Mechanics, Zacatecas, Mexico."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2016.03.007","article-title":"A discussion on the adjustment parameters of the Slope Mass Rating (SMR) system for rock slopes","volume":"206","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.2113\/gseegeosci.xxx.4.455","article-title":"Regional Rock Quality Designation (RRQD) of the West Central Arabian Shield","volume":"30","author":"Sadagah","year":"1993","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"351","article-title":"Application of rock quality designation (RQD) to engineering classification of rocks","volume":"8","author":"Du","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1084-0699(2009)14:11(1214)","article-title":"Evaluation of Solute Transport through a Fracture by Considering the Spatial Distributions of Retardation Effect in Grain Scale","volume":"14","author":"Niibori","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2013.01.006","article-title":"Automated tunnel rock classification using rock engineering systems","volume":"156","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-013-0462-z","article-title":"A New Rock Mass Quality Rating System: Rock Mass Quality Rating (RMQR) and Its Application to the Estimation of Geomechanical Characteristics of Rock Masses","volume":"47","author":"Aydan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"17","article-title":"Technical description of rock cores for engineering purposes","volume":"9","author":"Deere","year":"1964","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1491","article-title":"Obtaining RQD of rock mass by sampling window method","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1761","article-title":"Discontinuities in three-dimensional network of applied research in the RQD","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2012.02.005","article-title":"Determination of the optimal threshold and length measurements for RQD calculations","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-013-5132-6","article-title":"Investigation of RQD variation with scanline length and optimal threshold based on three-dimensional fracture network modeling","volume":"56","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. China Technol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-015-0789-8","article-title":"A New Method for Improving the RQD Determination of Rock Core in Borehole","volume":"49","author":"Azimian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"48","article-title":"Anisotropy analysis of rock quality index RQD","volume":"4","author":"Du","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"230","article-title":"Review and trend of quantifying rock quality","volume":"6","author":"Du","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Palmstrom, A. (1985, January 15\u201320). Application of the Volumetric Joint Count as a Measure of Rock Mass Jointing. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Fundamentals of Rock Joints, Bj\u00f6rkliden, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0148-9062(92)91040-C","article-title":"Rock quality charts for log-normally distributed block sizes","volume":"29","author":"Sen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"240","article-title":"New formulae for volumetric joint count Jv of jointed rock mass","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"193","article-title":"Fracture simulation and mulity-directional rock quality designation","volume":"2","author":"Eissa","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bull. Assoc. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-011-4632-5","article-title":"Study on mechanical parameters of fractured rock masses","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. China Technol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/S0148-9062(99)00035-2","article-title":"Selection of the threshold value in RQD assessments","volume":"36","author":"Harrison","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2018.04.013","article-title":"A new perspective for the directivity of Rock Quality Designation (RQD) and an anisotropy index of jointing degree for rock masses","volume":"240","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"733","article-title":"New model of relation between rock discontinuities trace length and diameter for semi-trace scanline sampling and new algorithm","volume":"30","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Wang, F. (2006). Engineering Application of Rapid Acquiring Rock Mass Fractures Information with Digital Close Range Photogrammetry. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Jilin University]."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1607","article-title":"Control surveying of rock mass slope and orientation validation measurement of discontinuities based on reflectorless total station instrument","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Jilin Univ."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1839","article-title":"Solution models of geometrical information of rock mass discontinuities based on digital close range photogrammetry","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Jilin Univ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/9\/2275\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:08:03Z","timestamp":1760137683000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/9\/2275"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14092275"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14092275","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]]}}}