{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T15:37:43Z","timestamp":1775749063672,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SILVPAST\u2014Cost-efficient implementation of silvo-pastoral mosaic systems of black oak","award":["PDR2020-101-031873"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDR2020-101-031873"]}]},{"name":"SILVPAST\u2014Cost-efficient implementation of silvo-pastoral mosaic systems of black oak","award":["101037247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101037247"]}]},{"name":"SILVPAST\u2014Cost-efficient implementation of silvo-pastoral mosaic systems of black oak","award":["UIDB\/50009\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50009\/2020"]}]},{"name":"SILVPAST\u2014Cost-efficient implementation of silvo-pastoral mosaic systems of black oak","award":["CEECIND\/04469\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/04469\/2017"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program Grant Agreement","award":["PDR2020-101-031873"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDR2020-101-031873"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program Grant Agreement","award":["101037247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101037247"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program Grant Agreement","award":["UIDB\/50009\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50009\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program Grant Agreement","award":["CEECIND\/04469\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/04469\/2017"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["PDR2020-101-031873"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDR2020-101-031873"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["101037247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101037247"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDB\/50009\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50009\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["CEECIND\/04469\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/04469\/2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The reintroduction of livestock grazing to regulate biomass load is being tested for large-scale restoration in Mediterranean landscapes affected by rural abandonment. Concurrently, there is a need to develop cost-effective methods to monitor such interventions. Here, we investigate if satellite data can be used to monitor the response of vegetation phenology and productivity to grazing disturbance in a heterogenous forest mosaic with herbaceous, shrub, and tree cover. We identify which vegetation seasonal metrics respond most to grazing disturbances and are relevant to monitoring efforts. The study follows a BACI (Before-After-Control-Impact) design applied to a grazing intervention in a Pyrenean oak forest (Quercus pyrenaica) in central Portugal. Using NDVI time-series from Sentinel-2 imagery for the period between June 2016 and June 2021, we observed that each type of vegetation exhibited a distinct phenology curve. Herbaceous vegetation was the most responsive to moderate grazing disturbances with respect to changes in phenology and productivity metrics, namely an anticipation of seasonal events. Results for shrubs and trees suggest a decline in peak productivity in grazed areas but no changes in phenology patterns. The techniques demonstrated in this study are relevant to a broad range of use cases in the large-scale monitoring of fine-grained heterogeneous landscapes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14102322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T23:08:36Z","timestamp":1652396916000},"page":"2322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Using Satellite NDVI Time-Series to Monitor Grazing Effects on Vegetation Productivity and Phenology in Heterogeneous Mediterranean Forests"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2110-2252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duarte","family":"Balata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Biology and Population Genomics Group, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"MARETEC\/LARSyS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ivo","family":"Gama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Terraprima\u2014Servi\u00e7os Ambientais, Sociedade Unipessoal, Lda, 2135-199 Samora Correia, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6194-0405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Domingos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARETEC\/LARSyS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Terraprima\u2014Sociedade Agr\u00edcola, Lda, Apartado 8, Quinta da Fran\u00e7a\u2014Teixoso, 6250-111 Caria BMT, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8245-357X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00e2nia","family":"Proen\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARETEC\/LARSyS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1400103","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1400103","article-title":"Collapse of the World\u2019s Largest Herbivores","volume":"1","author":"Ripple","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Apollonio, M., Andersen, R., and Putman, R. (2011). Ungulate Management in Europe: Problems and Practices, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12683","article-title":"What Does Life-Cycle Assessment of Agricultural Products Need for More Meaningful Inclusion of Biodiversity?","volume":"53","author":"Teillard","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. 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