{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T22:12:53Z","timestamp":1766441573472,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2019YFE0127300","2020YFE0200700","30-Y30F06-9003-20\/22","42005104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0127300","2020YFE0200700","30-Y30F06-9003-20\/22","42005104"]}]},{"name":"the Major Special Project\u2014the China High-Resolution Earth Observation System","award":["2019YFE0127300","2020YFE0200700","30-Y30F06-9003-20\/22","42005104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0127300","2020YFE0200700","30-Y30F06-9003-20\/22","42005104"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFE0127300","2020YFE0200700","30-Y30F06-9003-20\/22","42005104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0127300","2020YFE0200700","30-Y30F06-9003-20\/22","42005104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Research on the impact of anthropogenic heat discharge in a thermal environment is significant in climate change research. Central heating is more common in the winter in Northeast China as an anthropogenic heat. This study investigates the impact of central heating on the thermal environment in Shenyang, Changchun, and Harbin based on multi-temporal land surface temperature retrieval from remote sensing. An equivalent heat island index method was proposed to overcome the problem of the method based on a single-phase image, which cannot evaluate all the central heating season changes. The method improves the comprehensiveness of a thermal environment evaluation by considering the long-term heat accumulation. The results indicated a significant increase in equivalent heat island areas at night with 22.1%, 17.3%, and 19.5% over Shenyang, Changchun, and Harbin. The increase was significantly positively correlated with the central heating supply (with an R-value of 0.89 for Shenyang, 0.93 for Changchun, and 0.86 for Harbin; p &lt; 0.05). The impact of central heating has a more significant effect than the air temperature. The results provide a reference for future studies of urban thermal environment changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14102327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T23:08:36Z","timestamp":1652396916000},"page":"2327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Impact of Central Heating on the Urban Thermal Environment Based on Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1342-4155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinran","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Xingfa","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang 065000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5771-4168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yulin","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Dakang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}]},{"given":"Yazhou","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1322-126X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faisal","family":"Mumtaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5136-0386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuaiyi","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Qixin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.03.272","article-title":"Review of methods for retrieving urban heat islands","volume":"27","author":"Bahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. 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