{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T05:35:43Z","timestamp":1782970543378,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFC1509202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC1509202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IGCEA2002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IGCEA2002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018CSES0205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018CSES0205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["14231202600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14231202600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Nonprofit Fundamental Research Grant of Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration","award":["2019YFC1509202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC1509202"]}]},{"name":"National Nonprofit Fundamental Research Grant of Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration","award":["IGCEA2002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IGCEA2002"]}]},{"name":"National Nonprofit Fundamental Research Grant of Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration","award":["2018CSES0205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018CSES0205"]}]},{"name":"National Nonprofit Fundamental Research Grant of Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration","award":["14231202600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14231202600"]}]},{"name":"China Seismic Experimental Site Project","award":["2019YFC1509202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC1509202"]}]},{"name":"China Seismic Experimental Site Project","award":["IGCEA2002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IGCEA2002"]}]},{"name":"China Seismic Experimental Site Project","award":["2018CSES0205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018CSES0205"]}]},{"name":"China Seismic Experimental Site Project","award":["14231202600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14231202600"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Project of the Shanghai Science and Technology Commission","award":["2019YFC1509202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC1509202"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Project of the Shanghai Science and Technology Commission","award":["IGCEA2002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IGCEA2002"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Project of the Shanghai Science and Technology Commission","award":["2018CSES0205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018CSES0205"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Project of the Shanghai Science and Technology Commission","award":["14231202600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14231202600"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pre-seismic anomalies have the potential to indicate imminent strong earthquakes in the short to medium terms. However, an improved understanding of the statistical significance between anomalies and earthquakes is required to develop operational forecasting systems. We developed a temporal integrated anomaly (TIA) method to obtain the temporal trends of multiparametric anomalies derived from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) product before earthquakes. A total of 169 global earthquakes that occurred from 2006 to 2020 and had magnitudes of \u22657.0 and focal depths of \u226470 km were used to test this new method in a retrospective manner. In addition, 169 synthetic earthquakes were randomly generated to demonstrate the suppression capacity of the TIA method for false alarms. We identified four different TIA trends according to the temporal characteristics of positive and negative TIAs. Long-term correlation analyses show that the recognition ability was 12.4\u201328.4% higher for true earthquakes than for synthetic earthquakes (i.e., higher than that of a random guess). Incorporating 2\u20135 kinds of TIAs offered the best chance of recognizing imminent shocks, highlighting the importance of multiparameter anomalies. Although the TIA trend characteristics before the earthquakes were not unique, we identified certain unexplained pre-seismic phenomena within the remote sensing data. The results provide new insight into the relationships between pre-seismic anomalies and earthquakes; moreover, the recognition ability of the proposed approach exceeds that of random guessing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14102343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T23:08:36Z","timestamp":1652396916000},"page":"2343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Pre-Seismic Temporal Integrated Anomalies from Multiparametric Remote Sensing Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5168-9683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhonghu","family":"Jiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinjian","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1997.tb06588.x","article-title":"Earthquake prediction: A critical review","volume":"131","author":"Geller","year":"1997","journal-title":"Geophys. 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