{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T02:38:54Z","timestamp":1781663934559,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFD1100202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFD1100202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021-ZZ-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-ZZ-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences Postdoctoral Fund Project","award":["2020YFD1100202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFD1100202"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences Postdoctoral Fund Project","award":["2021-ZZ-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-ZZ-002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tea is an economically important crop. Evaluating the suitability of tea can better optimize the regional layout of the tea industry and provide a scientific basis for tea planting plans, which is also conducive to the sustainable development of the tea industry in the long run. Driving force analysis can be carried out to better understand the main influencing factors of tea growth. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the suitability of tea planting in the study area, determine the prioritization of tea industry development in this area, and provide support for the government\u2019s planning and decision making. This study used Sentinel image data to obtain the current land use data of the study area. The results show that the accuracy of tea plantation classification based on Sentinel images reached 86%, and the total accuracy reached 92%. Then, we selected 14 factors, including climate, soil, terrain, and human-related factors, using the analytic hierarchy process and spatial analysis technology to evaluate the suitability of tea cultivation in the study area and obtain a comprehensive potential distribution map of tea cultivation. The results show that the moderately suitable area (36.81%) accounted for the largest proportion of the tea plantation suitability evaluation, followed by the generally suitable area (31.40%), the highly suitable area (16.91%), and the unsuitable area (16.23%). Among these areas, the highly suitable area is in line with the distribution of tea cultivation at the Yingde municipal level. Finally, to better analyze the contribution of each factor to the suitability of tea, the factors were quantitatively evaluated by the Geodetector model. The most important factors affecting the tea cultivation suitability evaluation were temperature (0.492), precipitation (0.367), slope (0.302), and elevation (0.255). Natural factors influence the evaluation of the suitability of tea cultivation, and the influence of human factors is relatively minor. This study provides an important scientific basis for tea yield policy formulation, tea plantation site selection, and adaptation measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14102412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T03:20:43Z","timestamp":1652844043000},"page":"2412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Tea Cultivation Suitability Evaluation and Driving Force Analysis Based on AHP and Geodetector Results: A Case Study of Yingde in Guangdong, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Panpan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Information Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100089, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cunjun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Information Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100089, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Piesat Information Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100089, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Information Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100089, China"},{"name":"Civil and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanyue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Forestry Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunjiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Information Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100089, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2011.04.003","article-title":"Quantifying carbon storage for tea plantations in China","volume":"141","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.01.174","article-title":"Tea aroma formation from six model manufacturing processes","volume":"285","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, A.C. (2020). Integrating an Expert System, GIS, and Satellite Remote Sensing to Evaluate Land Suitability for Sustainable Tea Production in Bangladesh. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12244136"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2017.04.044","article-title":"Economic benefit and ecological cost of enlarging tea cultivation in subtropical China: Characterizing the trade-off for policy implications","volume":"66","author":"Su","year":"2017","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"496","article-title":"Analysis on the Characteristics and Influence of the Change of Tea Production Distribution in China","volume":"47","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Tea Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"74","article-title":"An Overview of China\u2019s Tea Market in 2020 and First Half of 2021","volume":"43","author":"Weng","year":"2021","journal-title":"China Tea"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Zhao, G. (China Cooperative Times, 2021). How does Chinese tea trade overcome difficulties and how promising, China Cooperative Times."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s11248-013-9740-5","article-title":"Osmotin-expressing transgenic tea plants have improved stress tolerance and are of higher quality","volume":"23","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transgenic Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2015.10.003","article-title":"Land use changes to cash crop plantations: Crop types, multilevel determinants and policy implications","volume":"50","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2016.03.009","article-title":"Ecosystem Services and landscape change associated with plantation expansion in a tropical rainforest region of Southwest China","volume":"353","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2021.115105","article-title":"Greater nitrous and nitric oxide emissions from the soil between rows than under the canopy in subtropical tea plantations","volume":"398","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Zhao, M., Zhang, L., Wang, C., and Xu, Y. (2021). Predicting Possible Distribution of Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) under Climate Change Scenarios Using MaxEnt Model in China. Agriculture, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture11111122"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125012","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/10\/12\/125012","article-title":"Trading forests: Land-use change and carbon emissions embodied in production and exports of forest-risk commodities","volume":"10","author":"Henders","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.136963","article-title":"Soil acidification in Chinese tea plantations","volume":"715","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802395235","article-title":"Assessment of land suitability potentials for agriculture using a remote sensing and GIS based approach","volume":"30","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-019-10091-5","article-title":"Land suitability analysis for maize production in Indonesia using satellite remote sensing and GIS-based multicriteria decision support system","volume":"86","author":"Habibie","year":"2019","journal-title":"GeoJournal"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s41685-018-0079-z","article-title":"Land suitability assessment for cassava production in Indonesia using GIS, remote sensing and multi-criteria analysis","volume":"3","author":"Purnamasari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asia-Pac. J. Reg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/S1002-0160(11)60198-7","article-title":"Comprehensive suitability evaluation of tea crops using GIS and a modified land ecological suitability evaluation model","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pedosphere"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Leshamta, G.T. (2017). Assessing the Suitability of Tea Growing Zones of Kenya under Changing Climate and Modeling Less Regret Agrometeorological Options. [Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Meteorology, University of Nairobi]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2020.105440","article-title":"The application of LSE software: A new approach for land suitability evaluation in agriculture","volume":"173","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810802443457","article-title":"Geographical detectors-based health risk assessment and its application in the neural tube defects study of the Heshun region, China","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Y., Wang, J., and Li, X. (2011). Geographical detector based risk assessment of the under- five mortality in the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, China. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021427"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.04.002","article-title":"Influence of planting patterns on fluoroquinolone residues in the soil of an intensive vegetable cultivation area in northern China","volume":"458\u2013460","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"209","article-title":"Sixty Years\u2019 Development of Black Tea Industry Supported by Science and Technology: Achievements and Countermeasures","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Guangdong Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"180050","article-title":"Analysis of soil nutrient characteristics of tea gardens in southwest China based on bibliometrics","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soil Fertil. Sci. China"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2017.01.006","article-title":"Assessment of spatial variability of soil properties using geospatial techniques for farm level nutrient management","volume":"169","author":"Vasu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Lu, R.K. (1999). Analytical Methods of Soil Agriculture Chemistry, China Agricultural Science and Technology Press."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-521X(99)00036-0","article-title":"GIS-based fuzzy membership model for crop-land suitability analysis","volume":"63","author":"Ahamed","year":"2000","journal-title":"Agric. Syst."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayasinghe, S.L., Kumar, L., and Sandamali, J. (2019). Assessment of Potential Land Suitability for Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) in Sri Lanka Using a GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Approach. Agriculture, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture9070148"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Ministry of Agriculture of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2000). Environmental and Technical Conditions for Tea Producing Areas (NY\/Y 853-2004)."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, W.Y., Li, X., and Ahammed, G.J. (2018). Stress Physiology of Tea in the Face of Climate Change, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-2140-5"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1440","article-title":"Land-site suitability evaluation for tea, cardamom and rubber using Geo-spatial technology in Wayanad district, Kerala","volume":"9","author":"Gahlod","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021859618000229","article-title":"Modelling shoot growth and yield of Ceylon tea cultivar TRI-2025 (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze)","volume":"156","author":"Jayasinghe","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-016-5558-9","article-title":"AHP and GIS based land suitability analysis for Cihanbeyli (Turkey) County","volume":"75","author":"Bozdag","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"99","article-title":"Tea yield and soil properties as affected by slope position and aspect in Lahijan area, Iran","volume":"1","author":"Khormali","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Plant Prod."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2012.748848","article-title":"Evaluation of different machine learning methods for land cover mapping of a Mediterranean area using multi-seasonal Landsat images and Digital Terrain Models","volume":"7","author":"Rodriguezgaliano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"12","article-title":"Primary study on the multi-layer remote sensing in formation extraction of desertification land types by using decision Tree technology","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Desert Res."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"180","article-title":"Crops identification in Kaikong River Basin of Xinjiang based on time series Landsat remote sensing images","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"589","article-title":"A study on information extraction of water body with the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI)","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e05358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05358","article-title":"Decision-level fusion of Sentinel-1 SAR and Landsat 8 OLI texture features for crop discrimination and classification: Case of Masvingo, Zimbabwe","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2496(77)90033-5","article-title":"A scaling method for priorities in hierarchical structures","volume":"15","author":"Saaty","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Math. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8549","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2013.845317","article-title":"Remote sensing of tea plantations using an SVM classified and pattern-based accuracy assessment technique","volume":"34","author":"Dihkan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Xu, G. (2016). Research on Tea Garden Remote Sensing Extraction Based on Object-Oriented and Multi-Metadata Fusion. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Shaanxi Normal University]."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2011.01736.x","article-title":"Impacts of climate change on the future of biodiversity","volume":"15","author":"Bellard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2016.04.010","article-title":"Maxent modeling for predicting the potential distribution of endangered medicinal plant (H. riparia Lour) in Yunnan, China","volume":"92","author":"Yi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8489.12262","article-title":"The impact of climate change on labour demand in the plantation sector: The case of tea production in Sri Lanka","volume":"62","author":"Gunathilaka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aust. J. Agric. Resour. Econ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-014-0873-x","article-title":"Effects of climate change on the economic output of the Longjing-43 tea tree, 1972\u20132013","volume":"59","author":"Lou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sitienei, B., Juma, S., and Opere, E. (2017). On the Use of Regression Models to Predict Tea Crop Yield Responses to Climate Change: A Case of Nandi East, Sub-County of Nandi County, Kenya. Climate, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/cli5030054"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1","article-title":"Land Suitability Classification and mapping of Tea Lands in Ratnapura District","volume":"73","author":"Amarathunga","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sri Lanka J. Tea Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.108005","article-title":"Spatiotemporal variation and influencing factors of vegetation dynamics based on Geodetector: A case study of the northwestern Yunnan Plateau, China","volume":"130","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"216","article-title":"Analysis on spatiotemporal trends and drivers in vegetation growth during recent decades in Xinjiang, China","volume":"38","author":"Du","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13717-019-0210-8","article-title":"Current and future predicting potential areas of Oxytenanthera abyssinica (A. Richard) using MaxEnt model under climate change in Northern Ethiopia","volume":"9","author":"Gebrewahid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Process."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/10\/2412\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:13:44Z","timestamp":1760138024000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/10\/2412"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14102412"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14102412","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]]}}}