{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T13:42:25Z","timestamp":1765546945458,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41875034","52127802","41975045","MS202004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41875034","52127802","41975045","MS202004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"scientific research project of Shanghai Meteorological Service","award":["41875034","52127802","41975045","MS202004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41875034","52127802","41975045","MS202004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cloud droplets size distribution (DSD) is one of the significant characteristics for liquid clouds. It plays an important role for the aerosol\u2013droplet\u2013cloud mechanism and variation in cloud microphysics. However, the minuscule sampling space is insufficient for the observation of whole DSD when using high-magnification optical systems. In this paper, we propose an observation method for cloud droplets ranging from 2 to 16 \u03bcm, by which the balance relationship between sampling space and optical magnification is realized. The method combines an in-line digital holographic interferometer (DHI) with the optical magnification of 5.89\u00d7 and spatial stitching technique. The minimum size in DSD is extended to 2 \u03bcm, which improves the integrity of size distribution. Simultaneously, the stability of DSD is enhanced by increasing the tenfold sampling volume of cloud droplets. The comparative experiment between the in-line DHI and fog monitor demonstrates that the DSD obtained by this method is reliable, which can be used for the analysis of microphysical parameters. In the Beijing Aerosol and Cloud Interaction Chamber (BACIC), the observation results show that the size of cloud droplets follows the Gamma distribution, which is consistent with the theoretical DSD. The results of cloud microphysical parameters indicate that each pair of parameters has a positive correlation, and then the validity of observation method is confirmed. Additionally, the high-concentration aerosol condition significantly mitigates the effect of random turbulence and enhances the robustness of the microphysical parameter data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14102414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T03:20:43Z","timestamp":1652844043000},"page":"2414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Observation on the Droplet Ranging from 2 to 16 \u03bcm in Cloud Droplet Size Distribution Based on Digital Holography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Pan","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"}]},{"given":"Yangzi","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"}]},{"given":"Dengxin","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8281","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-17-0898.1","article-title":"Projected response of tropical cyclone intensity and intensification in a global climate model","volume":"31","author":"Bhatia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-14-00103.1","article-title":"Advanced two-moment bulk microphysics for global models. Part II: Global model solutions and aerosol\u2013cloud interactions","volume":"28","author":"Gettelman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3425","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-3425-2007","article-title":"Cloud microphysics and aerosol indirect effects in the global climate model ECHAM5-HAM","volume":"7","author":"Lohmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15447","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-15447-2019","article-title":"The sensitivity of Southern Ocean aerosols and cloud microphysics to sea spray and sulfate aerosol production in the HadGEM3-GA7.1 chemistry-climate model","volume":"19","author":"Revell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-2363-2021","article-title":"Impacts of cloud microphysics parameterizations on simulated aerosol-cloud interactions for deep convective clouds over Houston","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1026","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-20-0009.1","article-title":"Cloud\u2013aerosol\u2013turbulence interactions: Science priorities and concepts for a large-scale laboratory facility","volume":"101","author":"Shaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5075","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-10-5075-2017","article-title":"Temperature uniformity in the CERN CLOUD chamber","volume":"10","author":"Dias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, X., Heidinger, A.K., and Walther, A. (2016). Climatology analysis of aerosol effect on marine water cloud from long-term satellite climate data records. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8040300"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS-D-17-0158.1","article-title":"Influence of Microphysical Variability on Stochastic Condensation in a Turbulent Laboratory Cloud","volume":"75","author":"Desai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3692","article-title":"Droplet size distributions in turbulent clouds: Experimental evaluation of theoretical distributions","volume":"146","author":"Chandrakar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab0751","article-title":"Holographic measurements of inhomogeneous cloud mixing at the centimeter scale","volume":"350","author":"Beals","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2462","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3952.1","article-title":"Collisions of cloud droplets in a turbulent flow. Part IV: Droplet hydrodynamic interaction","volume":"64","author":"Pinsky","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3843","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JAS2126.1","article-title":"Impact of the vertical variation of cloud droplet size on the estimation of cloud liquid water path and rain detection","volume":"64","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9885","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-9885-2017","article-title":"Chemical composition and droplet size distribution of cloud at the summit of Mount Tai, China","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JD031868","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JD031868","article-title":"Reconciling contrasting relationships between relative dispersion and volume-mean radius of cloud droplet size distributions","volume":"125","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-2513-2006","article-title":"Closure between measured and modeled cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) using size-resolved aerosol compositions in downtown Toronto","volume":"6","author":"Broekhuizen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-1961-2007","article-title":"A single parameter representation of hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nuclus activity","volume":"7","author":"Petters","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Z., Nee, J.B., Chiang, C.W., Zhang, S., Jin, H., Wang, W., and Zhou, T. (2018). Real-Time Observations of Dust-Cloud Interactions Based on Polarization and Raman Lidar Measurements. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10071017"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6325","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-6325-2008","article-title":"Effects of aerosol organics on cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) concentration and first indirect aerosol effect","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3865","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-3865-2011","article-title":"Organic condensation: A vital link connecting aerosol formation to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations","volume":"11","author":"Riipinen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8913","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-8913-2011","article-title":"Laboratory studies of the chemical composition and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and oxidized primary organic aerosol (OPOA)","volume":"11","author":"Lambe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11023","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-11023-2011","article-title":"Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) from fresh and aged air pollution in the megacity region of Beijing","volume":"11","author":"Gunthe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12515","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-12515-2020","article-title":"Large contribution of organics to condensational growth and formation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the remote marine boundary layer","volume":"20","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4658","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003545","article-title":"Airborne bacteria as cloud condensation nuclei","volume":"108","author":"Bauer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L19809","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL030021","article-title":"Impact on modeled cloud characteristics due to simplified treatment of uniform cloud condensation nuclei during NEAQS 2004","volume":"34","author":"Gustafson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"094106","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.57.9.094106","article-title":"Measurement of initial displacement of canine and molar in human maxilla under different canine retraction methods using digital holographic interferometry","volume":"57","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3426","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.35.003426","article-title":"Dual plane in-line digital holographic microscopy","volume":"35","author":"Das","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"091311","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3596204","article-title":"Applications of digital holography to measurements and optical characterization","volume":"50","author":"Sang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"099201","DOI":"10.7498\/aps.70.20201779","article-title":"Simultaneous measurement of cloud microphysical parameters based on digital holographic interferometry","volume":"70","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Phys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2937","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.33.002937","article-title":"Coherent fiber combining by digital holography","volume":"33","author":"Bellanger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2014.01.022","article-title":"Strain determination in bone sections with simultaneous 3D digital holographic interferometry","volume":"57","author":"Alvarez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.55.000960","article-title":"Experimental characterization of the hygroscopic properties of wood during convective drying using digital holographic interferometry","volume":"55","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2013.06.013","article-title":"Simultaneous 3D digital holographic interferometry for strain measurements validated with FEM","volume":"52","author":"Manuel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G74","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.53.000G74","article-title":"Measurement of natural convective heat transfer coefficient along the surface of a heated wire using digital holographic interferometry","volume":"53","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.000560","article-title":"Strain estimation in digital holographic interferometry using piecewise polynomial phase approximation based method","volume":"18","author":"Gorthi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2018.02.068","article-title":"Improvement of crack detection on rough materials by digital holographic interferometry in combination with non-uniform thermal loads","volume":"163","author":"Vincitorio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3893","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.45.003893","article-title":"Digital holographic microscope for measuring three-dimensional particle distributions and motions","volume":"45","author":"Sheng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Optics."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112306","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.53.11.112306","article-title":"Review of digital holographic microscopy for three-dimensional profiling and tracking","volume":"53","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.45.000864","article-title":"Digital holographic microscopy with reduces spatial coherence for three-dimensional particle flow analysis","volume":"45","author":"Dubois","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20994","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.020994","article-title":"Holographic time-resolved particle tracking by means of three-dimensional volumetric deconvolution","volume":"22","author":"Latychevskaia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"064004","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/22\/6\/064004","article-title":"Three-dimensional motion measurements of free-swimming microorganisms using digital holographic microscopy","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G177","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.53.00G177","article-title":"Random-subset fitting of digital holograms for fast three-dimensional particle tracking","volume":"53","author":"Dimiduk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-071812-152356","article-title":"Exploring Neural Cell Dynamics with Digital Holographic Microscopy","volume":"15","author":"Marquet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1107\/S2053273317007902","article-title":"Three-dimensional single-cell imaging with X-ray waveguides in the holographic regime","volume":"73","author":"Krenkel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr. Sect. A"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D176","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.47.00D176","article-title":"Autofocusing in digital holographic phase contrast microscopy on pure phase objects for live cell imaging","volume":"47","author":"Langehanenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"048103","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.114.048103","article-title":"X-Ray Holographic Imaging of Hydrated Biological Cells in Solution","volume":"114","author":"Bartels","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23617","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.023617","article-title":"Lateral shearing digital holographic imaging of small biological specimens","volume":"20","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C., Liu, T., Liu, Y., Yang, B., and Su, Y. (2022). Learning-Based Clutter Mitigation with Subspace Projection and Sparse Representation in Holographic Subsurface Radar Imaging. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030682"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivashov, S.I., Capineri, L., Bechtel, T.D., Razevig, V.V., Inagaki, M., Gueorguiev, N.L., and Kizilay, A. (2021). Design and Applications of Multi-Frequency Holographic Subsurface Radar: Review and Case Histories. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202106.0059.v1"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1489678","article-title":"Frequency analysis of digital holography with reconstruction by convolution","volume":"41","author":"Kreis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A240","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.52.00A240","article-title":"Analysis and adaptation of convolution algorithms to reconstruct extended objects in digital holography","volume":"52","author":"Picart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Chen, S., Tan, W., Chen, S., Chen, H., Guo, P., Sun, Z., Hu, R., Xu, Q., and Zhang, M. (2021). Retrieval of Water Cloud Optical and Microphysical Properties from Combined Multiwavelength Lidar and Radar Data. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13214396"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2016.11.0519","article-title":"Determination of fog-droplt deposition velocity fron a simple weighing method","volume":"18","author":"Tav","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5253","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-5253-2017","article-title":"Characteristics of bacterial community in cloud water at Mt Tai: Similarity and disparity under polluted and non-polluted cloud episodes","volume":"17","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14917","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-14917-2019","article-title":"The impact of fluctuations and correlations in droplet growth by collision\u2013coalescence revisited\u2013Part 2: Observational evidence of gel formation in warm clouds","volume":"19","author":"Alfonso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"La, I., Yum, S.S., Gultepe, I., Yeom, J.M., Song, J.I., and Cha, J.W. (2020). Influence of Quasi-Periodic Oscillation of Atmospheric Variables on Radiation Fog over A Mountainous Region of Korea. Atmosphere, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11030230"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Q., Wu, B., Wang, Z., and Hao, T. (2020). Fog droplet size distribution and the interaction between fog droplets and fine particles during dense fog in Tianjin, China. Atmosphere, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11030258"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021EA002032","DOI":"10.1029\/2021EA002032","article-title":"The first characterization of fog microphysics in the United Arab Emirates, an arid region on the Arabian Peninsula","volume":"9","author":"Weston","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD029802","article-title":"Year-round in situ measurements of Arctic low-level clouds: Microphysical properties and their relationships with aerosols","volume":"124","author":"Koike","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019EA000703","DOI":"10.1029\/2019EA000703","article-title":"Boundary layer parameterizations to simulate fog over Atlantic Canada waters","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Space Sci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/10\/2414\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:13:52Z","timestamp":1760138032000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/10\/2414"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14102414"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14102414","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]]}}}