{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T23:08:07Z","timestamp":1767913687588,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Foundation of China","award":["42130405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130405"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coastal wetlands are affected by both natural processes and human activities. In the present study, the impacts of natural processes on wetland area variations along the Jiangsu coast in the East China Sea were investigated using a long-term high-resolution numerical model (55 years from 1955 to 2010) validated by satellite and gauge observations. In our 55-year simulation, a 1.33 km2 yr\u22121 decreasing trend of wetland area as a result of global warming was identified. It was found that the wetland area varied depending on the following temporal scales: intra-seasonal, seasonal, interannual, and decadal. Tides and steric sea level changes are responsible for the intra-seasonal and seasonal wetland variations, respectively. The long-term variations are attributable to the El Ni\u00f1o-Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation. These basin-scale phenomena cause changes in the local wind patterns along the Jiangsu coast and impact the wetland variation on long-term scales.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14102473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]],"date-time":"2022-05-21T09:18:08Z","timestamp":1653124688000},"page":"2473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Impacts of Climate Change on a Coastal Wetland from Model Simulation Combining Satellite and Gauge Observations: A Case Study of Jiangsu, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1926-0414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jihai","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China"}]},{"given":"Changming","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6048-0059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00177296","article-title":"Biodiversity and wetlands","volume":"3","author":"Denny","year":"1994","journal-title":"Wetl. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Tiner, R.W. (1984). Wetlands of the United States: Current Status and Recent Trends."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) (2006). Marine and Coastal Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: A Synthesis Report Based on the Findings of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, UNEP."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1177\/0956247807076960","article-title":"The rising tide: Assessing the risks of climate change and human settlements in low elevation coastal zones","volume":"19","author":"McGranahan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Urban."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2307\/2937360","article-title":"Community Development and Persistence in a Low Rocky Intertidal Zone","volume":"48","author":"Lubchenco","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Black, K.S., Paterson, D., and Cramp, A. (1998). Sedimentary Processes in the Intertidal Zone, Geological Society."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2008.07.010","article-title":"Species diversity in the soft-bottom intertidal zone: Biogenic structure, sediment, and macrofauna across mussel bed spatial scales","volume":"366","author":"Commito","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1579\/0044-7447(2008)37[241:TVOCWF]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Value of Coastal Wetlands for Hurricane Protection","volume":"37","author":"Costanza","year":"2008","journal-title":"AMBIO"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C10040","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JC006248","article-title":"Sediment transport and deposition on a river-dominated tidal flat: An idealized model study","volume":"115","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1071\/MF14173","article-title":"How much wetland has the world lost? Long-term and recent trends in global wetland area","volume":"65","author":"Davidson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Freshw. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1890\/1051-0761(1997)007[0770:CCHATS]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Climate Change, Hurricanes and Tropical Storms, and Rising Sea Level in Coastal Wetlands","volume":"7","author":"Michener","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2002)083[2869:ROCWTR]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Responses of coastal wetlands to rising sea level","volume":"83","author":"Morris","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/2013EF000188","article-title":"Sea level rise and its coastal impacts","volume":"2","author":"Cazenave","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earths Futur."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1185782","article-title":"Sea-Level Rise and Its Impact on Coastal Zones","volume":"328","author":"Nicholls","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-3227(97)00035-2","article-title":"Accelerated relative sea-level rise and rapid coastal erosion: Testing a causal relationship for the Louisiana barrier islands","volume":"140","author":"List","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2005.07.004","article-title":"Effective sea-level rise and deltas: Causes of change and human dimension implications","volume":"50","author":"Ericson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.2112\/07-0953.1","article-title":"Historical Changes in the Mississippi-Alabama Barrier-Island Chain and the Roles of Extreme Storms, Sea Level, and Human Activities","volume":"246","author":"Morton","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.2012","article-title":"Erosion and accretion processes in a muddy dissipative coast, the Chao Phraya River delta, Thailand","volume":"35","author":"Uehara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landforms"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-012-5093-3","article-title":"Mapping wetland changes in China between 1978 and 2008","volume":"57","author":"Niu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2772","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JPO3885.1","article-title":"Pacific Decadal Oscillation and Sea Level Variability in the Bohai, Yellow, and East China Seas","volume":"38","author":"Han","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0399-1784(00)01134-8","article-title":"Three dimensional simulation of tide and tidal current characteristics in the East China Sea","volume":"24","author":"Bao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oceanol. Acta"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2010.04.009","article-title":"Interannual changes of sea level in the two regions of East China Sea and different responses to ENSO","volume":"72","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocemod.2004.08.002","article-title":"The regional oceanic modeling system (ROMS): A split-explicit, free-surface, topography-following-coordinate oceanic model","volume":"9","author":"Shchepetkin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ocean Model."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2013.05.004","article-title":"A wetting and drying scheme for ROMS","volume":"58","author":"Warner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JCLI2592.1","article-title":"Changes in Continental Freshwater Discharge from 1948 to 2004","volume":"22","author":"Dai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31486","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31486","article-title":"Evidence of salt accumulation in beach intertidal zone due to evaporation","volume":"6","author":"Geng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.06.216","article-title":"Temporal\u2013spatial variation and partitioning prediction of antibiotics in surface water and sediments from the intertidal zones of the Yellow River Delta, China","volume":"569","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JC002484","article-title":"Empirical cotidal charts of the Bohai, Yellow, and East China Seas from 10 years of TOPEX\/Poseidon altimetry","volume":"109","author":"Fang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2009.10.011","article-title":"Assimilation of altimetry data for nonlinear shallow-water tides: Quarter-diurnal tides of the Northwest European Shelf","volume":"30","author":"Egbert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-14-00148.1","article-title":"Harmonic Analysis in the Simulation of Multiple Constituents: Determination of the Optimum Length of Time Series","volume":"32","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7091","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JC011154","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variations of the seasonal sea level cycle in the northwest Pacific","volume":"120","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"C01013","article-title":"Local diagnostics to estimate density-induced sea level variations over topography and along coastlines","volume":"117","author":"Bingham","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-4343(00)00102-3","article-title":"Seasonal mean circulation in the Yellow Sea\u2014A model-generated climatology","volume":"21","author":"Naimie","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2000)013<1517:PEATHD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Pacific\u2013East Asian teleconnection: How does ENSO affect East Asian climate?","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3252","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2002)015<3252:PEATPI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Pacific-East Asian teleconnection. Part II: How the Philippine sea anomalous anticyclone is established during El Ni\u00f1o development","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1080\/16742834.2013.11447114","article-title":"Potential correlation between the decadal East Asian summer monsoon variability and the pacific decadal oscillation","volume":"6","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Ocean. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"446","article-title":"Sea level change under IPCC-A2 scenario in Bohai, Yellow, and East China Seas","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Ye, A., and Li, F. (1992). Physical Oceanography, Ocean University Press. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02930865","article-title":"Seasonal variability of the Yellow Sea\/East China Sea surface fluxes and thermohaline structure","volume":"22","author":"Chu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/10\/2473\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:15:54Z","timestamp":1760138154000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/10\/2473"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14102473"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14102473","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]]}}}