{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T18:34:22Z","timestamp":1770748462837,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]],"date-time":"2022-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41874028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41874028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1224039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1224039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["41874028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41874028"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["1224039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1224039"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Tsinghua scientific satellite is a Chinese spherical micro satellite for Earth gravity and atmospheric scientific measurements. The accurate orbits of this satellite are the prerequisites to satisfy the mission objectives. A commercial off-the-shelf dual-frequency GNSS receiver is equipped on the satellite for precise orbit determination (POD). The in-flight performances of the receiver are assessed. Regular long-duration gaps up to 50 min are observed in GNSS data, and the typical data availability is about 60\u201370% each day. The RMS of code noises is 0.24 m and 0.30 m for C1 and P2 codes, respectively. The RMS of fitting residuals of the carrier phase geometry-free L1\u2013L2 combination is 2.4 mm. The GNSS receiver antenna center offsets (ACOs) and antenna center variations (ACVs) maps are estimated using in-flight data for both dual-frequency and single-frequency POD. Significant improvements in POD performances are obtained when the measurement models are updated by using the ACO and ACV maps\u2019 corrections. With the updated measurement model, the RMS of the orbit overlap differences is 1.23 cm in three dimensions for dual-frequency POD, which is reduced by 27%. Meanwhile, two different empirical acceleration types are employed and compared for dual-frequency POD, and the results show that consistency on the 5 cm level is demonstrated for orbit solutions obtained with the updated measurement model. After correcting the ACO and ACV maps, the precision of single-frequency orbit solutions is better than 10 cm, which is improved by 32%. The results indicate that the antenna center modeling can significantly improve the consistency of Tsinghua scientific satellite precise orbits, which will be conducive to the realization of the mission objectives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14102479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,22]],"date-time":"2022-05-22T07:13:57Z","timestamp":1653203637000},"page":"2479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Tsinghua Scientific Satellite Precise Orbit Determination Using Onboard GNSS Observations with Antenna Center Modeling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0613-4862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-sen University (Zhuhai Campus), Zhuhai 519082, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunbo","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-sen University (Zhuhai Campus), Zhuhai 519082, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Defeng","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Sun Yat-sen University (Zhuhai Campus), Zhuhai 519082, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaokui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-sen University (Zhuhai Campus), Zhuhai 519082, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingkai","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dachen","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-sen University (Zhuhai Campus), Zhuhai 519082, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2011.12.031","article-title":"Towards accurate atmospheric mass density determination using precise positional information of space objects","volume":"49","author":"Sang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Wang, J., and Wang, Z. (2018, January 13\u201315). Calibration of upper atmospheric model based on the precision orbit of a spherical satellite. Proceedings of the IAA SciTech Forum, Moscow, Russia."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2010.11.008","article-title":"GPS-only gravity field recovery with GOCE, CHAMP, and GRACE","volume":"47","author":"Bock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Z., Wang, Z., and Zhang, Y. (2019). A Spherical Micro Satellite Design and Detection Method for Upper Atmospheric Density Estimation. Int. J. Aerosp. Eng., 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1758956"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2514\/3.20600","article-title":"Reduced-dynamic technique for precise orbit determination of low earth satellites","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Guid. Control Dyn."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/S1000-9361(11)60093-9","article-title":"Reduced Dynamic Orbit Determination Using Differenced Phase in Adjacent Epochs for Spaceborne Dual-frequency GPS","volume":"24","author":"Gu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. J. Aeronaut."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-003-0055-5","article-title":"In-flight performance analysis of the CHAMP BlackJack GPS Receiver","volume":"7","author":"Montenbruck","year":"2003","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2015.06.002","article-title":"Precise science orbits for the Swarm satellite constellation","volume":"56","author":"Doornbos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2007.03.012","article-title":"Precise orbit determination for GRACE using undifferenced or doubly differenced GPS data","volume":"39","author":"Hugentobler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-020-01414-3","article-title":"GRACE-FO precise orbit determination and gravity recovery","volume":"94","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, K., Allahvirdi-Zadeh, A., El-Mowafy, A., and Gross, J.N. (2020). A Sensitivity Study of POD Using Dual-Frequency GPS for CubeSats Data Limitation and Resources. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12132107"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-019-0907-2","article-title":"CASSIOPE orbit and attitude determination using commercial off-the-shelf GPS receivers","volume":"23","author":"Montenbruck","year":"2019","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-011-0252-6","article-title":"Precision spacecraft navigation using a low-cost GPS receiver","volume":"16","author":"Montenbruck","year":"2012","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2008.12.003","article-title":"GPS single-frequency orbit determination for low Earth orbiting satellites","volume":"43","author":"Bock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2017.08.023","article-title":"In-flight performance analysis of MEMS GPS receiver and its application to precise orbit determination of APOD-A satellite","volume":"60","author":"Gu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, W., Wang, L., Chen, R., Zhou, H., Li, T., and Han, Y. (2021). Improved Single-Frequency Kinematic Orbit Determination Strategy of Small LEO Satellite with the Sun-Pointing Attitude Mode. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13194020"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-016-0984-8","article-title":"GPS code phase variations (CPV) for GNSS receiver antennas and their effect on geodetic parameters and ambiguity resolution","volume":"91","author":"Kersten","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cja.2016.08.016","article-title":"Spaceborne GPS receiver antenna phase center offset and variation estimation for the Shiyan 3 satellite","volume":"29","author":"Gu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Aeronaut."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-009-0333-2","article-title":"Phase center modeling for LEO GPS receiver antennas and its impact on precise orbit determination","volume":"83","author":"Dach","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-008-0094-z","article-title":"Antenna phase center calibration for precise positioning of LEO satellites","volume":"13","author":"Montenbruck","year":"2008","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2017.03.019","article-title":"Impact of GPS antenna phase center and code residual variation maps on orbit and baseline determination of GRACE","volume":"59","author":"Mao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2011.01.017","article-title":"Impact of GPS antenna phase center variations on precise orbits of the GOCE satellite","volume":"47","author":"Bock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-014-4943-z","article-title":"Quality assessment of onboard GPS receiver and its combination with DORIS and SLR for Haiyang 2A precise orbit determination","volume":"58","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020EA001496","DOI":"10.1029\/2020EA001496","article-title":"ICESat-2 Precision Orbit Determination","volume":"8","author":"Thomas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2019.06.014","article-title":"Impact of GPS receiver antenna GRAPHIC residual variations on single-frequency orbit determination of LEO satellites","volume":"64","author":"Shao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.2514\/1.52657","article-title":"Orbit Determination and Prediction of the International Space Station","volume":"48","author":"Montenbruck","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Spacecr. Rocket."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-019-0927-y","article-title":"Analysis of Tiangong-2 orbit determination and prediction using onboard dual-frequency GNSS data","volume":"24","author":"Shao","year":"2019","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Gu, D., Ju, B., Shao, K., Yi, B., Duan, X., and Huang, Z. (2021). Precise Orbit Determination and Maneuver Assessment for TH-2 Satellites Using Spaceborne GPS and BDS2 Observations. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13245002"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2021.10.039","article-title":"In-flight performance analysis and antenna phase center calibration of MEMS GPS receiver on-board TianQin-1 in the nadir-pointing and Sun-pointing modes","volume":"69","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2017.05.022","article-title":"Enhanced GPS-based GRACE baseline determination by using a new strategy for ambiguity resolution and relative phase center variation corrections","volume":"138","author":"Gu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Dach, R., Schaer, S., Arnold, D., Kalarus, M., Prange, L., Stebler, P., Villiger, A., and J\u00e4ggi, A. (2020). CODE Final Product Series for the IGS, Astronomical Institute, University of Bern."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Rebischung, P., and Schmid, R. (2016, January 12\u201316). IGS14\/igs14.atx: A new framework for the IGS products. Proceedings of the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting 2016, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"91","article-title":"Effects of Antenna Orientation on GPS Carrier Phase","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Manuscr. Geod."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Tapley, B.D., Flechtner, F., Bettadpur, S.V., and Watkins, M.M. (2013, January 9\u201313). The Status and Future Prospect for GRACE After the First Decade. Proceedings of the AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Savcenko, R., and Bosch, W. (2011, January 16\u201321). EOT11a-a new tide model from Multi-Mission Altimetry. Proceedings of the Ocean Surface Topography Science Team (OSTST) Meeting, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Petit, G., and Luzum, B. (2010). IERS Conventions 2010, IERS Technical Note No. 36, Verlag des Bundesamts f\u00fcr Kartographie."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Folkner, W.M., Williams, J.G., Boggs, D.H., Park, R.S., and Kuchynka, P. (2021, March 24). The Planetary and Lunar Ephemerides DE430 and DE431, IPN Progress Report 42\u2013196, Available online: https:\/\/ipnpr.jpl.nasa.gov\/progress_report\/42-196\/196C.pdf."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Jacchia, L.G. (1971). Revised Static Models of the Thermosphere and Exosphere with Empirical Temperature Profiles, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/10\/2479\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:16:18Z","timestamp":1760138178000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/10\/2479"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14102479"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14102479","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]]}}}