{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T07:22:25Z","timestamp":1774423345016,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41901145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901145"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021FY100701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021FY100701"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["21-Y20B01-9001-19\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-Y20B01-9001-19\/22"]}]},{"name":"Special Project on National Science and Technology Basic Resources Investigation of China","award":["41901145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901145"]}]},{"name":"Special Project on National Science and Technology Basic Resources Investigation of China","award":["2021FY100701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021FY100701"]}]},{"name":"Special Project on National Science and Technology Basic Resources Investigation of China","award":["21-Y20B01-9001-19\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-Y20B01-9001-19\/22"]}]},{"name":"National Major Projects on High-Resolution Earth Observation System","award":["41901145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901145"]}]},{"name":"National Major Projects on High-Resolution Earth Observation System","award":["2021FY100701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021FY100701"]}]},{"name":"National Major Projects on High-Resolution Earth Observation System","award":["21-Y20B01-9001-19\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-Y20B01-9001-19\/22"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Global environmental changes have been dramatic recently, exerting substantial effects on the structures and functions of terrestrial ecosystems, especially for the ecologically-fragile karst regions. Southwest China is one of the largest karst continuum belts around the world, which also contributes about 1\/3 of terrestrial carbon sequestration to China. Therefore, a deep understanding of the long-term changes of vegetation across Southwest China over the past decades is critical. Relying on the long time series of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies normalized difference vegetation index (GIMMS NDVI3g) data set, this study examined the spatial and temporal patterns of vegetation conditions in Southwest China from 1982 to 2015, as well as their response to the environmental factors including temperature, precipitation and downward shortwave radiation. Multi-year mean NDVI showed that except the northwestern region, the NDVI of Southwest China was large, ranging from 0.5 to 0.8. Meanwhile, nearly 43.7% of the area experienced significant improvements in NDVI, whereas only 3.47% of the area exhibited significant decreases in NDVI. Interestingly, the NDVI in karst area increased more quickly with 1.035 \u00d7 10\u22123\/a in comparison with that in the non-karst area with about 0.929 \u00d7 10\u22123\/a. Further analysis revealed that temperature is the dominant environmental factor controlling the interannual changes in NDVI, accounting for 48.19% of the area, followed by radiation (3.71%) and precipitation (3.09%), respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14102497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T03:16:55Z","timestamp":1653362215000},"page":"2497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Terrestrial Vegetation and Its Driver Analysis over Southwest China from 1982 to 2015"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chunhui","family":"Duan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}]},{"given":"Jinghao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3783-8363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingguo","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3787-9648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3096-4228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuguang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1002\/wrcr.20107","article-title":"Vegetation control on water and energy balance within the Budyko framework","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1082750","article-title":"Climate-Driven Increases in Global Terrestrial Net Primary Production from 1982 to 1999","volume":"300","author":"Nemani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2011.02419.x","article-title":"Changes in satellite-derived vegetation growth trend in temperate and boreal Eurasia from 1982 to 2006","volume":"17","author":"Piao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2016.1180549","article-title":"Satellite-observed changes in terrestrial vegetation growth trends across the Asia Pacific region associated with land cover and climate from 1982 to 2011","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3520","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12945","article-title":"Time-lag effects of global vegetation responses to climate change","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4238","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2020.1714781","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variations in vegetation coverage observed using AVHRR GIMMS and Terra MODIS data in the mainland of China","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2005.03.007","article-title":"Analysis of Sahelian vegetation dynamics using NOAA-AVHRR NDVI data from 1981\u20132003","volume":"63","author":"Anyamba","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2014.07.031","article-title":"Spatio-temporal analysis of vegetation variation in the Yellow River Basin","volume":"51","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.05.012","article-title":"Global evaluation of four AVHRR\u2013NDVI data sets; Intercomparison and assessment against Landsat imagery","volume":"115","author":"Beck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1126\/science.227.4685.369","article-title":"African land-cover classification using satellite data","volume":"227","author":"Tucker","year":"1985","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169408954203","article-title":"Relationship between woody biomass and PAR conversion efficiency for estimating net primary production from NDVI","volume":"15","author":"Hunt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.01.017","article-title":"Greenness in semi-arid areas across the globe 1981\u20132007\u2014An Earth Observing Satellite based analysis of trends and drivers","volume":"121","author":"Fensholt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6021057","article-title":"Intercomparison of seven NDVI products over the United States and Mexico","volume":"6","author":"Scheftic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2016.1222633","article-title":"A comparative analysis of the NDVIg and NDVI3g in monitoring vegetation phenology changes in the Northern Hemisphere","volume":"33","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4031","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5084031","article-title":"A Comparative Analysis between GIMSS NDVIg and NDVI3g for Monitoring Vegetation Activity Change in the Northern Hemisphere during 1982\u20132008","volume":"05","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"6738","article-title":"Comparison of GIMMS NDVI3g and GIMMS NDVIg for monitoring vegetation activity and its responses to climate changes in Xinjiang during 1982-2006","volume":"36","author":"Du","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1207068110","article-title":"Response of vegetation to drought time-scales across global land biomes","volume":"110","author":"Gouveia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.03.223","article-title":"Vegetation dynamics and its driving forces from climate change and human activities in the Three-River Source Region, China from 1982 to 2012","volume":"563","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.05.012","article-title":"Vegetation dynamics and responses to climate change and human activities in Central Asia","volume":"599","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"e02034","article-title":"Vegetation dynamics and their response to hydrothermal conditions in Inner Mongolia, China","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"29","article-title":"Controlling Model for Rocky Desertification of Karst Mountainous Region and Its Preventing Strategy in Southwest China","volume":"16","author":"Su","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, Z., Zheng, H., Liu, Y., Zeng, S., Yu, P., Shi, W., and Tang, X. (2021). Spatiotemporal Patterns of Ecosystem Restoration Activities and Their Effects on Changes in Terrestrial Gross Primary Production in Southwest China. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13061209"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2021.120000","article-title":"Satellite evidence for China\u2019s leading role in restoring vegetation productivity over global karst ecosystems","volume":"507","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143427","article-title":"Divergent responses of ecosystem water-use efficiency to extreme seasonal droughts in Southwest China","volume":"760","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"263","article-title":"Water source utilization by woody plants growing on dolomite outcrops and nearby soils during dry seasons in karst region of Southwest China","volume":"420","author":"Nie","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6929","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6086929","article-title":"A Non-Stationary 1981-2012 AVHRR NDVI3g Time Series","volume":"06","author":"Pinzon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4485","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500168686","article-title":"An extended AVHRR 8-km NDVI dataset compatible with MODIS and SPOT vegetation NDVI data","volume":"26","author":"Tucker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.12.015","article-title":"Evaluation of Earth Observation based global long term vegetation trends\u2014Comparing GIMMS and MODIS global NDVI time series","volume":"119","author":"Fensholt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00096-2","article-title":"Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices","volume":"83","author":"Huete","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3918","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5083918","article-title":"Evaluating and Quantifying the Climate-Driven Interannual Variability in Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI3g) at Global Scales","volume":"5","author":"Zeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2009.08.004","article-title":"On downward shortwave and longwave radiations over high altitude regions; Observation and modeling in the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"150","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-0369-y","article-title":"The first high-resolution meteorological forcing dataset for land process studies over China","volume":"7","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Zhao, X., Zhang, X., Wu, D., and Du, X. (2019). Long Time Series Land Cover Classification in China from 1982 to 2015 Based on Bi-LSTM Deep Learning. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11141639"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3427","DOI":"10.1080\/0143116021000021251","article-title":"Evaluation of compositing algorithms over the Brazilian Amazon using SPOT-4 VEGETATION data","volume":"24","author":"Carreiras","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168608948945","article-title":"Characteristics of maximum-value composite images from temporal AVHRR data","volume":"7","author":"Holben","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4267","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2010.486414","article-title":"Global trends in NDVI-derived parameters obtained from GIMMS data","volume":"32","author":"Sobrino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3263","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6043263","article-title":"Changes in Vegetation Growth Dynamics and Relations with Climate over China\u2019s Landmass from 1982 to 2011","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11163","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70911163","article-title":"NDVI-Based Analysis on the Influence of Climate Change and Human Activities on Vegetation Restoration in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Region, Central China","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"8774","article-title":"Spatial and temporal patterns of changing vegetation and the influence of environmental factors in the karst region of Southwest China","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"337","article-title":"NDVI Changes and Driving Factors in Southwest China from 2001 to 2018","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61258","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14988-y","article-title":"Spatiotemporal analysis and potential impact factors of vegetation variation in the karst region of Southwest China","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.107081","article-title":"Contribution of karst ecological restoration engineering to vegetation greening in southwest China during recent decade","volume":"121","author":"Qiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-007-0901-9","article-title":"Assessing vegetation dynamics impacted by climate change in the southwestern karst region of China with AVHRR NDVI and AVHRR NPP time-series","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"966","article-title":"Vegetation Dynamics and Its Relationship with Climatic Factors in Southwest China","volume":"32","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"8799","article-title":"Determinants and spatial-temporal evolution of vegetation coverage in the karst critical zone of South China","volume":"38","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"2878","article-title":"Spatio-temporal Changes and Influencing Factors of Vegetation Net Primary Productivity in Southwest China in the Past 20 years and Its Response to Ecological Engineering","volume":"42","author":"Mao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5314","article-title":"Elevation-dependent effects of climate change on vegetation greenness in the high mountains of southwest China during 1982\u20132013","volume":"38","author":"Tao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao (2011). Impact of China\u2019s Large-Scale Ecological Restoration Program on the Environment and Society in Arid and Semiarid Areas of China; Achievements, Problems, Synthesis, and Applications. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 317\u2013335.","DOI":"10.1080\/10643380902800034"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145160","article-title":"Eco-engineering controls vegetation trends in southwest China karst","volume":"770","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106392","article-title":"Climate change weakens the positive effect of human activities on karst vegetation productivity restoration in southern China","volume":"115","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"7858","article-title":"Analysis of land cover changes in southwestern China since the 1990s","volume":"36","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e604","DOI":"10.1111\/csp2.604","article-title":"Spatiotemporal patterns of vegetation conversion under the Grain for Green Program in southwest China","volume":"4","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Conserv. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Wang, M., Wang, W., Li, J., Wu, H., Cu, C., and Liu, T. (2010, January 27\u201329). The Impact of Sustained Drought on Vegetation Ecosystem in Southwest China Based on Remote Sensing. Proceedings of the International Conference on Ecological Informatics and Ecosystem Conservation (ISEIS 2010), Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.4501","article-title":"Long-term change in precipitation structure over the karst area of southwest China","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10917","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70810917","article-title":"Use of the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) to Characterize the Drying Trend in Southwest China from 1982\u20132012","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Chen, T., Yan, Q., Cai, J., Guo, R., Gao, M., Wei, X., Zhou, S., Li, C., and Xie, Y. (2021). The Ongoing Greening in Southwest China despite Severe Droughts and Drying Trends. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13173374"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1029\/2018EF000890","article-title":"Satellite-observed major greening and biomass increase in South China karst during recent decade","volume":"6","author":"Brandt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Future"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"961","article-title":"Contribution of climatic change and human activities to vegetation NDVI change over China during 1982-2015","volume":"75","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.09.041","article-title":"Multiple afforestation programs accelerate the greenness in the \u2018Three North\u2019 region of China from 1982 to 2013","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144297","article-title":"Human activity vs. climate change; Distinguishing dominant drivers on LAI dynamics in karst region of southwest China","volume":"769","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/10\/2497\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:16:57Z","timestamp":1760138217000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/10\/2497"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14102497"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14102497","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]}}}