{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T09:50:05Z","timestamp":1774259405600,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto Clima e Sociedade (ICS)","award":["20-00740"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-00740"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Clima e Sociedade (ICS)","award":["CT-615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CT-615"]}]},{"name":"Norway\u2019s International Climate and Forest Initiative- NICFI through Arapyau Institute","award":["20-00740"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-00740"]}]},{"name":"Norway\u2019s International Climate and Forest Initiative- NICFI through Arapyau Institute","award":["CT-615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CT-615"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fire is a significant agent of landscape transformation on Earth, and a dynamic and ephemeral process that is challenging to map. Difficulties include the seasonality of native vegetation in areas affected by fire, the high levels of spectral heterogeneity due to the spatial and temporal variability of the burned areas, distinct persistence of the fire signal, increase in cloud and smoke cover surrounding burned areas, and difficulty in detecting understory fire signals. To produce a large-scale time-series of burned area, a robust number of observations and a more efficient sampling strategy is needed. In order to overcome these challenges, we used a novel strategy based on a machine-learning algorithm to map monthly burned areas from 1985 to 2020 using Landsat-based annual quality mosaics retrieved from minimum NBR values. The annual mosaics integrated year-round observations of burned and unburned spectral data (i.e., RED, NIR, SWIR-1, and SWIR-2), and used them to train a Deep Neural Network model, which resulted in annual maps of areas burned by land use type for all six Brazilian biomes. The annual dataset was used to retrieve the frequency of the burned area, while the date on which the minimum NBR was captured in a year, was used to reconstruct 36 years of monthly burned area. Results of this effort indicated that 19.6% (1.6 million km2) of the Brazilian territory was burned from 1985 to 2020, with 61% of this area burned at least once. Most of the burning (83%) occurred between July and October. The Amazon and Cerrado, together, accounted for 85% of the area burned at least once in Brazil. Native vegetation was the land cover most affected by fire, representing 65% of the burned area, while the remaining 35% burned in areas dominated by anthropogenic land uses, mainly pasture. This novel dataset is crucial for understanding the spatial and long-term temporal dynamics of fire regimes that are fundamental for designing appropriate public policies for reducing and controlling fires in Brazil.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14112510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T00:14:14Z","timestamp":1653437654000},"page":"2510","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Long-Term Landsat-Based Monthly Burned Area Dataset for the Brazilian Biomes Using Deep Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5605-7469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ane A. C.","family":"Alencar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amaz\u00f4nia (IPAM), SCN 211, Bloco B, Sala 201, Bras\u00edlia 70836-520, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Vera L. S.","family":"Arruda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amaz\u00f4nia (IPAM), SCN 211, Bloco B, Sala 201, Bras\u00edlia 70836-520, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Wallace Vieira da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amaz\u00f4nia (IPAM), SCN 211, Bloco B, Sala 201, Bras\u00edlia 70836-520, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0181-5642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dhemerson E.","family":"Conciani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amaz\u00f4nia (IPAM), SCN 211, Bloco B, Sala 201, Bras\u00edlia 70836-520, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Diego Pereira","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Modelagem em Ci\u00eancia da Terra e do Ambiente (PPGM), Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana 44036-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Crusco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ArcPlan Sigga, S\u00e3o Paulo 04140-060, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Soltan Galano","family":"Duverger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Modelagem em Ci\u00eancia da Terra e do Ambiente (PPGM), Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana 44036-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Nilson Clementino","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Processamento de Imagens e Geoprocessamento (LAPIG), Instituto de Estudos Socioambientais, Universidade Federal de Goi\u00e1s (UFG), Av. Esperan\u00e7a, s\/n\u2014Ch\u00e1caras de Recreio Samambaia, Goi\u00e2nia 74690-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2175-2792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Washington","family":"Franca-Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Modelagem em Ci\u00eancia da Terra e do Ambiente (PPGM), Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana 44036-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8521-1266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heinrich","family":"Hasenack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ecologia, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Luiz Felipe Morais","family":"Martenexen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amaz\u00f4nia (IPAM), SCN 211, Bloco B, Sala 201, Bras\u00edlia 70836-520, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1442-7772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valderli J.","family":"Piontekowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amaz\u00f4nia (IPAM), SCN 211, Bloco B, Sala 201, Bras\u00edlia 70836-520, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Noely Vicente","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Processamento de Imagens e Geoprocessamento (LAPIG), Instituto de Estudos Socioambientais, Universidade Federal de Goi\u00e1s (UFG), Av. Esperan\u00e7a, s\/n\u2014Ch\u00e1caras de Recreio Samambaia, Goi\u00e2nia 74690-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1370-6558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo Reis","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ArcPlan Sigga, S\u00e3o Paulo 04140-060, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Marcos Reis","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Modelagem em Ci\u00eancia da Terra e do Ambiente (PPGM), Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana 44036-900, Brazil"},{"name":"ArcPlan Sigga, S\u00e3o Paulo 04140-060, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5437-9202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah Moura B.","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Modelagem em Ci\u00eancia da Terra e do Ambiente (PPGM), Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana 44036-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Julia Z.","family":"Shimbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amaz\u00f4nia (IPAM), SCN 211, Bloco B, Sala 201, Bras\u00edlia 70836-520, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8028-8953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"V\u00e9lez-Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoKarten Consultoria em Tecnologia da Informa\u00e7\u00e3o, Roca Sales 95735-000, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2011.02595.x","article-title":"The human dimension of fire regimes on Earth","volume":"38","author":"Bowman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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