{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T04:04:05Z","timestamp":1775189045281,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory","award":["GML2019ZD0602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GML2019ZD0602"]}]},{"name":"the Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory","award":["42176177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42176177"]}]},{"name":"the Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory","award":["41825014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41825014"]}]},{"name":"the Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory","award":["42141002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42141002"]}]},{"name":"the Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory","award":["2017R52001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017R52001"]}]},{"name":"the Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory","award":["LR18D060001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LR18D060001"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["GML2019ZD0602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GML2019ZD0602"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42176177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42176177"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41825014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41825014"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42141002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42141002"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2017R52001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017R52001"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LR18D060001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LR18D060001"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["GML2019ZD0602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GML2019ZD0602"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42176177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42176177"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41825014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41825014"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42141002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42141002"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2017R52001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017R52001"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LR18D060001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LR18D060001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chlorophyll fluorescence is an important indicator of the physiological state of phytoplankton in water bodies. The new generation of ocean color satellite remote sensors usually sets fluorescence bands to detect the phytoplankton fluorescence line height (FLH). Yet, the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) offers no FLH products so far, and the FLH results calculated using the fluorescence band (680 nm) and the two baseline bands (660 and 745 nm) have numerous negative values and are quite different from the FLH products of other satellite ocean color sensors. To address this problem, we established an FLH retrieval algorithm suitable for GOCI. We simulated the spectral datasets of different water types using the radiative transfer model HydroLight and established the band conversion relationship from 680 to 685 nm based on the simulated datasets. The remote sensing reflectance after band conversion was applied to the FLH product inversion, significantly reducing the number of negative FLH values and appreciably improving data availability for GOCI FLH products (from 14.78% to 66.73% on average). The new FLH product has a good correlation with the field-measured data (R2 = 0.73), and the relative error was 6.95%. Moreover, after band conversion, the FLH products retrieved by GOCI are in good agreement with the FLH products of MODIS, and fusion products can be further produced to improve the spatiotemporal resolution of the data. In addition, the radiative transfer simulation datasets also revealed that changes in solar zenith angle have little effect on FLH inversion. The hourly GOCI-derived FLH has good spatiotemporal continuity and can clearly reflect the diurnal variation of FLH. It can provide a stable FLH algorithm for further recovery of time-series GOCI FLH products and research on diurnal changes in FLH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14112511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T00:14:14Z","timestamp":1653437654000},"page":"2511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Fluorescence Line Height Extraction Algorithm for the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Min","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"given":"Xianqiang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"given":"Teng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03020910","article-title":"An overview of remote sensing of chlorophyll fluorescence","volume":"42","author":"Xing","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ocean Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(94)90124-4","article-title":"Remote sensing of chlorophyll a fluorescence of vegetation canopies: 2. Physiological significance of fluorescence signal in response to environmental stresses","volume":"47","author":"Valentini","year":"1994","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1007\/s12524-019-01022-5","article-title":"Detection of phytoplankton blooms in the turbid coastal waters using satellite-derived fluorescence line height off Kakinada coast","volume":"47","author":"Rao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2013.12.008","article-title":"A review of ocean color remote sensing methods and statistical techniques for the detection, mapping and analysis of phytoplankton blooms in coastal and open oceans","volume":"123","author":"Blondeau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3751","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2018.1552815","article-title":"Detection of algal blooms over optically complex waters of the Arabian Gulf and Sea of Oman using MODIS fluorescence data","volume":"40","author":"Shehhi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1977.22.4.0709","article-title":"Analysis of variations in ocean color","volume":"22","author":"Morel","year":"1977","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1080\/014311699212470","article-title":"Interpretation of the 685 nm peak in water-leaving radiance spectra in terms of fluorescence, absorption and scattering, and its observation by MERIS","volume":"20","author":"Gower","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(96)00073-9","article-title":"An analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence algorithms for the moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS)","volume":"58","author":"Letelier","year":"1996","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3615","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500539084","article-title":"First algorithm for chlorophyll-a retrieval from MODIS-Terra imagery of sun-induced fluorescence in the southern ocean","volume":"27","author":"Fiorani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.42.002767","article-title":"Validation of Terra-MODIS phytoplankton chlorophyll fluorescence line height.initial airborne lidar results","volume":"42","author":"Hoge","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1497","article-title":"Validation of chlorophyll fluorescence derived from MERIS on the west coast of Canada","volume":"11","author":"Gower","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s12601-011-0019-6","article-title":"Cochlodinium polykrikoides red tide detection in the south Sea of Korea using spectral classification of MODIS data","volume":"46","author":"Son","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ocean Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-6-779-2009","article-title":"Satellite-detected fluorescence reveals global physiology of ocean phytoplankton","volume":"6","author":"Behrenfeld","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5052","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL060246","article-title":"Geostationary satellite observations of dynamic phytoplankton photophysiology","volume":"41","author":"Behrenfeld","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.112022","article-title":"Atmospheric correction of geostationary satellite ocean color data under high solar zenith angles in open oceans","volume":"249","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8492","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2019.2921341","article-title":"Radiometric sensitivity and signal detectability of ocean color satellite sensor under high solar zenith angles","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.7780\/kjrs.2012.28.5.6","article-title":"Monitoring red tide in south Sea of Korea (SSK) using the geostationary ocean color imager (GOCI)","volume":"28","author":"Son","year":"2012","journal-title":"Korean J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.07.031","article-title":"Evaluation of chlorophyll retrievals from Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) for the north-east Asian region","volume":"184","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160110071879","article-title":"A five channel chlorophyll concentration algorithm applied to SeaWiFS data processed by SeaDAS in coastal waters","volume":"23","author":"Gohin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.01.015","article-title":"A multi-sensor approach for the on-orbit validation of ocean color satellite data products","volume":"102","author":"Bailey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.01.023","article-title":"Using geostationary satellite ocean color data to map the diurnal dynamics of suspended particulate matter in coastal waters","volume":"133","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.11.001","article-title":"Evaluation of chlorophyll-a remote sensing algorithms for an optically complex estuary","volume":"129","author":"Le","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7442","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.38.007442","article-title":"Estimation of the remote-sensing reflectance from above-surface measurements","volume":"38","author":"Mobley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8710","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.36.008710","article-title":"Absorption spectrum (380\u2013700 nm) of pure water. II. Integrating cavity measurements","volume":"36","author":"Pope","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"24","article-title":"Transmittance of upwelling radiance at the sea surface measured in the field","volume":"9261","author":"Wei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ocean Remote Sens. Monit. Space"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, R.C., Austin, R.W., and Petzold, T.J. (1974). Volume-Scattering Functions in Ocean Waters, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-8529-5_4"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4721","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-10-4721-2013","article-title":"Satellite views of the seasonal and interannual variability of phytoplankton blooms in the eastern China seas over the past 14 yr (1998\u20132011)","volume":"10","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Xing, X.G. (2008). Remote-Sensing Study of Chlorophyll Fluorescence. [Ph.D. Thesis, Chinese Marine University]."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A800","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.00A800","article-title":"Semi-analytical algorithms of ocean color remote sensing under high solar zenith angles","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012004","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.11.012004","article-title":"Assessment of satellite-based chlorophyll-a retrieval algorithms for high solar zenith angle conditions","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2015.03.032","article-title":"Vertical spatio-temporal patterns of phytoplankton due to migration behaviors in two shallow, microtidal estuaries: Influence on phytoplankton function and structure","volume":"162","author":"Hall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/11\/2511\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:17:40Z","timestamp":1760138260000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/11\/2511"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14112511"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14112511","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]}}}