{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:28:53Z","timestamp":1760228933968,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12173072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12173072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Qian Xuesen Youth Innovation Fund of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation In 2021","award":["12173072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12173072"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, the multi-GNSS positioning application is becoming more and more popular, same to the low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite precise orbit determination (POD) based on the onboard multi-GNSS measurements. The third-generation Beidou navigation satellite system (BDS-3) provides a new option to obtain the LEO satellite orbit solutions. However, the receiver intersystem bias (ISB) of different GNSS is unavoidable in multi-GNSS data processing. This paper\u2019s main goal is absorption of the impact of the ISB between BDS-3 and BDS-2 on the LEO satellite POD. Taking GPS-based POD solutions for the reference orbit, this paper evaluates the orbit accuracy of BDS-2-based POD, BDS-3-based POD, BDS-2 and BDS-3 combined PODs with\/without ISB. The BDS-3-based POD accuracy is 6.57 cm in the 3D direction, a 56% improvement over BDS-2-based POD. When the ISB between BDS-3 and BDS-2 is estimated, the BDS-2\/3 combined POD accuracy of 5.37 cm in the 3D direction is better than that without ISB, which is a 64% improvement over BDS-2-based POD and 18% improvement over BDS-3-based POD. For GPS and BDS-2\/3 combined POD, the GPS and BDS-3 joint POD solutions have the smallest RMS differences in overlapping consistency and smallest RMS differences compared to GPS-based POD. This study indicates that estimating the BDS-2\/3 receiver ISB in BDS-2\/3 joint POD could improve the orbit accuracy, and the GPS and BDS-3 joint POD solution is better than another combined POD. This paper will provide meaningful references for the LEO satellite multi-GNSS-based POD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14112514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T00:14:14Z","timestamp":1653437654000},"page":"2514","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Research on the Impact of BDS-2\/3 Receiver ISB on LEO Satellite POD"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xinglong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Telecommunication and Navigation Satellites, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"}]},{"given":"Shanshi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0323-100X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Aerospace Control and Command Center, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2251-1747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junjun","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2224-0956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziqian","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The 54th Research Insitute of CETC, Shijiazhuang 050081, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaogong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-019-0907-2","article-title":"CASSIOPE orbit and attitude determination using commercial off-the-shelf GPS receivers","volume":"23","author":"Montenbruck","year":"2019","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/navi.348","article-title":"Flight results of GPS-based attitude determination for the Canadian CASSIOPE satellite","volume":"67","author":"Hauschild","year":"2020","journal-title":"Navigation"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2514\/1.A34117","article-title":"GPS Relative Navigation for the CanX-4 and CanX-5 Formation-Flying Nanosatellites","volume":"55","author":"Kahr","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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