{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T17:59:59Z","timestamp":1775498399231,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Tabriz","award":["S4409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S4409"]}]},{"name":"Alexander von Humboldt Foundation","award":["S4409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S4409"]}]},{"name":"Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin","award":["S4409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S4409"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urmia Lake is a hyper-saline lake in northwestern Iran that has been drying up since 2005. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the water quality in aquifers that are the main source of fresh water for the eastern plains Urmia Lake, which has been drying up due to intensive land use\/cover changes and climate change. We evaluated hydro-geochemical data and factors contributing to aquifer pollution and quality variation for nine aquifers in the vicinity of Urmia Lake during the dry and wet seasons from 2000\u20132020. Our methodology was based on the analysis of 10 years of data from 356 deep and semi-deep wells using GIS spatial analysis, multivariate statistical analysis, and agglomerative hierarchical clustering. We developed a Water Quality Index (WQI) for spatiotemporal assessment of the status of the aquifers. In doing so, we highlighted the value of combining Principal Component Analysis (PCA), WQI, and GIS to determine the hydro-geochemical attributes of the aquifers. We found that the groundwater in central parts of the study area was unsuitable for potable supplies. Anthropogenic sources of contamination, such as chemical fertilizers, industrial waste, and untreated sewage water, might be the key factors causing excessive concentrations of contaminants affecting the water quality. The PCA results showed that over 80% of the total variance could be attributed to two principal factors for most aquifers and three principal factors for two of the aquifers. We employed GIS-based spatial analysis to map groundwater quality in the study area. Based on the WQI values, approximately 48% of groundwater samples were identified as poor to unsuitable for drinking purposes. Results of this study provide a better hydro-geochemical understanding of the multiple aquifers that require preventive action against groundwater damage. We conclude that the combined approach of using a multivariate statistical technique and spatial analysis is effective for determining the factors controlling groundwater quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14112516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T00:14:14Z","timestamp":1653437654000},"page":"2516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A GIS-Based Spatiotemporal Impact Assessment of Droughts in the Hyper-Saline Urmia Lake Basin on the Hydro-Geochemical Quality of Nearby Aquifers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Bakhtiar","family":"Feizizadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied GISciences Lab, Department of Geography, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 10781 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51368, Iran"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Abdollahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Department, Zanjan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Zanjan 45131, Iran"}]},{"given":"Behzad","family":"Shokati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Young Researchers and Elite Club, Maragheh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Maragheh 55131, Iran"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.126346","article-title":"Assessment of groundwater quality in a Brazilian semiarid basin using an integration of GIS, water quality index and multivariate statistical techniques","volume":"598","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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