{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T01:36:53Z","timestamp":1768700213872,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Brazilian Agency for the Improvement of Higher Education (CAPES)","award":["88881.178687\/2018-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88881.178687\/2018-01"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian Agency for the Improvement of Higher Education (CAPES)","award":["TED-05\/2019-ANA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED-05\/2019-ANA"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian Agency for the Improvement of Higher Education (CAPES)","award":["BCS-1825046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCS-1825046"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian National Water and Sanitation Agency (ANA)","award":["88881.178687\/2018-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88881.178687\/2018-01"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian National Water and Sanitation Agency (ANA)","award":["TED-05\/2019-ANA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED-05\/2019-ANA"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian National Water and Sanitation Agency (ANA)","award":["BCS-1825046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCS-1825046"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["88881.178687\/2018-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88881.178687\/2018-01"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["TED-05\/2019-ANA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED-05\/2019-ANA"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["BCS-1825046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCS-1825046"]}]},{"name":"Higher Education Improvement Coordination (CAPES)","award":["88881.178687\/2018-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88881.178687\/2018-01"]}]},{"name":"Higher Education Improvement Coordination (CAPES)","award":["TED-05\/2019-ANA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED-05\/2019-ANA"]}]},{"name":"Higher Education Improvement Coordination (CAPES)","award":["BCS-1825046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCS-1825046"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["88881.178687\/2018-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88881.178687\/2018-01"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["TED-05\/2019-ANA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED-05\/2019-ANA"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["BCS-1825046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCS-1825046"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Evapotranspiration (ET) connects the land to the atmosphere, linking water, energy, and carbon cycles. ET is an essential climate variable with a fundamental importance, and accurate assessments of the spatiotemporal trends and variability in ET are needed from regional to continental scales. This study compared eight global actual ET datasets (ETgl) and the average actual ET ensemble (ETens) based on remote sensing, climate reanalysis, land-surface, and biophysical models to ET computed from basin-scale water balance (ETwb) in South America on monthly time scale. The 50 small-to-large basins covered major rivers and different biomes and climate types. We also examined the magnitude, seasonality, and interannual variability of ET, comparing ETgl and ETens with ETwb. Global ET datasets were evaluated between 2003 and 2014 from the following datasets: Breathing Earth System Simulator (BESS), ECMWF Reanalysis 5 (ERA5), Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS), Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM), MOD16, Penman\u2013Monteith\u2013Leuning (PML), Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) and Terra Climate. By using ETwb as a basis for comparison, correlation coefficients ranged from 0.45 (SSEBop) to 0.60 (ETens), and RMSE ranged from 35.6 (ETens) to 40.5 mm\u00b7month\u22121 (MOD16). Overall, ETgl estimates ranged from 0 to 150 mm\u00b7month\u22121 in most basins in South America, while ETwb estimates showed maximum rates up to 250 mm\u00b7month\u22121. ETgl varied by hydroclimatic regions: (i) basins located in humid climates with low seasonality in precipitation, including the Amazon, Uruguay, and South Atlantic basins, yielded weak correlation coefficients between monthly ETgl and ETwb, and (ii) tropical and semiarid basins (areas where precipitation demonstrates a strong seasonality, as in the S\u00e3o Francisco, Northeast Atlantic, Paran\u00e1\/Paraguay, and Tocantins basins) yielded moderate-to-strong correlation coefficients. An assessment of the interannual variability demonstrated a disagreement between ETgl and ETwb in the humid tropics (in the Amazon), with ETgl showing a wide range of interannual variability. However, in tropical, subtropical, and semiarid climates, including the Tocantins, S\u00e3o Francisco, Paran\u00e1, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Atlantic basins (Northeast, East, and South), we found a stronger agreement between ETgl and ETwb for interannual variability. Assessing ET datasets enables the understanding of land\u2013atmosphere exchanges in South America, to improvement of ET estimation and monitoring for water management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14112526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T08:41:33Z","timestamp":1653468093000},"page":"2526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Global Evapotranspiration Datasets Assessment Using Water Balance in South America"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3585-2022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anderson","family":"Ruhoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Hidr\u00e1ulicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Bruno Comini","family":"de Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Hidr\u00e1ulicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5735-4809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Laipelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Hidr\u00e1ulicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ayan Santos","family":"Fleischmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mamirau\u00e1 Institute for Sustainable Development, Tefe 69553-225, AM, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Vin\u00edcius Alencar","family":"Siqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Hidr\u00e1ulicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Adriana Aparecida","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Hidr\u00e1ulicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3910-9244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Barbedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Hidr\u00e1ulicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Gabriele Le\u00e3o","family":"Cyganski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Hidr\u00e1ulicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Gabriel Matte Rios","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Hidr\u00e1ulicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo Lyra Fialho","family":"Br\u00eada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Hidr\u00e1ulicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo Cauduro Dias de","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Hidr\u00e1ulicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Adalberto","family":"Meller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ag\u00eancia Nacional de \u00c1guas e Saneamento B\u00e1sico (ANA), Brasilia 70610-200, DF, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2020-6263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre de Amorim","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ag\u00eancia Nacional de \u00c1guas e Saneamento B\u00e1sico (ANA), Brasilia 70610-200, DF, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Alexandre Abdalla","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ag\u00eancia Nacional de \u00c1guas e Saneamento B\u00e1sico (ANA), Brasilia 70610-200, DF, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Marcus Andr\u00e9","family":"Fuckner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ag\u00eancia Nacional de \u00c1guas e Saneamento B\u00e1sico (ANA), Brasilia 70610-200, DF, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Trent","family":"Biggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-447-2021","article-title":"Synthesis of global actual evapotranspiration from 1982 to 2019","volume":"13","author":"Elnashar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst. 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