{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T17:50:33Z","timestamp":1778176233090,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Innovation Team Building Support Program of Beijing Municipal Education Commission","award":["IDHT20190501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDHT20190501"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Team Building Support Program of Beijing Municipal Education Commission","award":["61860206013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61860206013"]}]},{"name":"the key international cooperation projects of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["IDHT20190501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDHT20190501"]}]},{"name":"the key international cooperation projects of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61860206013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61860206013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Beijing is a major city suffering from land subsidence due to long-term over-exploitation of groundwater. The South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP), however, has had a significant impact on the structure of water consumption since the end of 2014, and it is changing the status of land subsidence in Beijing. In this study, we employed Persistent Scatterers Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometric (PS-InSAR) to investigate the decadal evolution of land subsidence in Beijing with 100 TerraSAR-X stripmap images collected from April 2010 to December 2019. The water resources, historic climate and urban construction data were compiled for the years of 2010 to 2019 to analyze changes in groundwater level, human activity, surface geology, active faults and land subsidence patterns. The results show that the changes in the water supply structure are correlated to a rise in groundwater level after 2015. These changes include an increase in the water supply from the SNWDP, a reduction in groundwater exploitation, the optimization of water consumption, replacing recycled water for environmental water and a reduction in the use of water for agriculture. Land subsidence in the study area was concentrated in the eastern regions, trending towards a decreasing velocity starting about two years after the commencement of SNWDP in 2015. Uneven subsidence in the land subsidence area was related to excavations of underground soil, and the construction of Line 6 and Line 7 led to rapid nonlinear subsidence. Our results have scientific significance for reducing subsidence hazards in the context of SNWDP and urban expansion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14112529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T08:41:33Z","timestamp":1653468093000},"page":"2529","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Beijing Land Subsidence Revealed Using PS-InSAR with Long Time Series TerraSAR-X SAR Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4925-440X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zechao","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Control Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"},{"name":"Radar Monitoring Technology Laboratory, School of Information Science and Technology, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Monitoring Technology Laboratory, School of Information Science and Technology, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1624-4697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timo","family":"Balz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing (LIESMARS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb8549","article-title":"Mapping the global threat of land subsidence","volume":"371","author":"Ezquerro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-018-1768-4","article-title":"Long-term groundwater storage changes and land subsidence development in the North China Plain (1971\u20132015)","volume":"26","author":"Gong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. 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