{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T16:55:06Z","timestamp":1782233706244,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]],"date-time":"2022-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U2003302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2003302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U2003302ZDRWZS-2019-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2003302ZDRWZS-2019-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["U2003302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2003302"]}]},{"name":"Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["U2003302ZDRWZS-2019-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2003302ZDRWZS-2019-3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is consistent evidence of vegetation greening in Central Asia over the past four decades. However, in the early 1990s, the greening temporarily stagnated and even for a time reversed. In this study, we evaluate changes in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) based on the long-term satellite-derived remote sensing data systems of the Global Inventory Modelling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) NDVI from 1981 to 2013 and MODIS NDVI from 2000 to 2020 to determine whether the vegetation in Central Asia has browned. Our findings indicate that the seasonal sequence of NDVI is summer &gt; spring &gt; autumn &gt; winter, and the spatial distribution pattern is a semicircular distribution, with the Aral Sea Basin as its core and an upward tendency from inside to outside. Around the mid-1990s, the region\u2019s vegetation experienced two climatic environments with opposing trends (cold and wet; dry and hot). Prior to 1994, NDVI increased substantially throughout the growth phase (April\u2013October), but this trend reversed after 1994, when vegetation began to brown. Our findings suggest that changes in vegetation NDVI are linked to climate change induced by increased CO2. The state of water deficit caused by temperature changes is a major cause of the browning turning point across the study area. At the same time, changes in vegetation NDVI were consistent with changes in drought degree (PDSI). This research is relevant for monitoring vegetation NDVI and carbon neutralization in Central Asian ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14112574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T02:30:06Z","timestamp":1653964206000},"page":"2574","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Water Deficit May Cause Vegetation Browning in Central Asia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Haichao","family":"Hao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaning","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6134-4833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianhua","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yupeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patient Mindje","family":"Kayumba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107912","article-title":"Recent vegetation browning and its drivers on Tianshan Mountain, Central Asia","volume":"129","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b8227","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abb8227","article-title":"Cenozoic evolution of the steppe-desert biome in Central Asia","volume":"6","author":"Barbolini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-022-01702-5","article-title":"Integrating remote sensing with ecology and evolution to advance biodiversity conservation","volume":"6","author":"Schneider","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112821","article-title":"Evaluation of consistency among three NDVI products applied to High Mountain Asia in 2000\u20132015","volume":"269","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.108745","article-title":"NDVI-based vegetation dynamics and their responses to climate change and human activities from 1982 to 2020: A case study in the Mu Us Sandy Land, China","volume":"137","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, W., Zhao, Y., Wang, Q., and Guan, B. (2022). Climate, CO2, and Anthropogenic Drivers of Accelerated Vegetation Greening in the Haihe River Basin. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14020268"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2022.101596","article-title":"Detection of trend and seasonal changes in non-stationary remote sensing data: Case study of Tunisia vegetation dynamics","volume":"69","author":"Rhif","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Du, H., Zhou, G., Mao, F., Li, X., Zhou, L., Zhu, D.E., Xu, Y., and Huang, Z. (2022). Spatiotemporal Patterns and Driving Force of Urbanization and Its Impact on Urban Ecology. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14051160"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"5107","article-title":"Analysis on ecological status and spatial\u2013temporal variation of Tamarix chinensis forest based on spectral characteristics and remote sensing vegetation indices","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"GB2027","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GB002274","article-title":"Changes in vegetation net primary productivity from 1982 to 1999 in China","volume":"19","author":"Piao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20069","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD000115","article-title":"Variations in northern vegetation activity inferred from satellite data of vegetation index during 1981 to 1999","volume":"106","author":"Zhou","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2021.2018057","article-title":"Evaluation of MODIS-Landsat and AVHRR-Landsat NDVI data fusion using a single pair base reference image: A case study in a tropical upstream catchment on Java, Indonesia","volume":"15","author":"Rustanto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Y., Oh, J., Lee, E., and Kim, Y. (2022). Land Cover and Land Use Mapping of the East Asian Summer Monsoon Region from 1982 to 2015. Land, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/land11030391"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Sun, C., Chen, Y., Chen, W., Xiang, Y., Li, J., and Liu, Y. (2022). Recent Oasis Dynamics and Ecological Security in the Tarim River Basin, Central Asia. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14063372"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.125355","article-title":"Spatial patterns of vegetation carbon sinks and sources under water constraint in Central Asia","volume":"590","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-022-1948-y","article-title":"Effects of vegetation restoration on local microclimate on the Loess Plateau","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13233","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71013233","article-title":"Spatial and temporal patterns of global NDVI trends: Correlations with climate and human factors","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JCLI2900.1","article-title":"Use of NDVI and land surface temperature for drought assessment: Merits and limitations","volume":"23","author":"Karnieli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2022.01.030","article-title":"Carbon isotope discrimination and water use efficiency in interspecific Prunus hybrids subjected to drought stress","volume":"175","author":"Mininni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137166","article-title":"Spatial and temporal effects of drought on Chinese vegetation under different coverage levels","volume":"716","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"West, E., Morley, P.J., Jump, A.S., and Donoghue, D. (2022). Satellite data track spatial and temporal declines in European beech forest canopy characteristics associated with intense drought events in the Rh\u00f6n Biosphere Reserve, central Germany. Plant Biol.","DOI":"10.1111\/plb.13391"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1038\/386698a0","article-title":"Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981 to 1991","volume":"386","author":"Myneni","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2016.10.020","article-title":"Seasonal vegetation response to climate change in the Northern Hemisphere (1982\u20132013)","volume":"148","author":"Kong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Change"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.05.018","article-title":"Increasing global vegetation browning hidden in overall vegetation greening: Insights from time-varying trends","volume":"214","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2020.104796","article-title":"Time-varying trends of vegetation change and their driving forces during 1981\u20132016 along the silk road economic belt","volume":"195","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3665","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-021-05659-2","article-title":"Interdecadal aridity variations in Central Asia during 1950\u20132016 regulated by oceanic conditions under the background of global warming","volume":"56","author":"Zhong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clim. Dynam."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2020.106297","article-title":"Development and utilization of water resources and assessment of water security in Central Asia","volume":"240","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.06.089","article-title":"The response of carbon stocks of drylands in Central Asia to changes of CO2 and climate during past 35 years","volume":"687","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2018.06.007","article-title":"Spatial distribution, temporal variation, and transport characteristics of atmospheric water vapor over Central Asia and the arid region of China","volume":"172","author":"Guan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32205","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-18542-2","article-title":"Carbon variation of dry grasslands in Central Asia in response to climate controls and grazing appropriation","volume":"29","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24872","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13139-7","article-title":"Multidimensional analysis of global climate change: A review","volume":"28","author":"Bandh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.29258\/CAJWR\/2018-RI.v4-1\/79-94.eng","article-title":"The political economy of water insecurity in Central Asia given the Belt and Road initiative","volume":"4","author":"Martens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cent. Asian J. Water Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1080\/20964471.2020.1851891","article-title":"Water use efficiency data from 2000 to 2019 in measuring progress towards SDGs in Central Asia","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Big Earth Data"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L., Wei, W., Wang, T., and Li, L. (2021). Temporal-spatial variations of vegetation cover and surface soil moisture in the growing season across the mountain-oasis-desert system in Xinjiang, China. Geocarto Int., 1\u201329.","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2021.1871666"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tai, X., Epstein, H.E., and Li, B. (2020). Elevation and climate effects on vegetation greenness in an arid mountain-basin system of Central Asia. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12101665"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1080\/09512748.2019.1705882","article-title":"China\u2019s energy diplomacy towards Central Asia and the implications on its \u201cbelt and road initiative\u201d","volume":"34","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pac. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122579","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3007073","article-title":"Spatiotemporal analysis of vegetation changes along the belt and road initiative region from 1982 to 2015","volume":"8","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6929","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6086929","article-title":"A non-stationary 1981\u20132012 AVHRR NDVI3g time series","volume":"6","author":"Pinzon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Didan, K. (2022, April 20). MOD13Q1 V006: MODIS\/Terra Vegetation Indices 16-Day L3 Global 250 m SIN Grid. NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC, Available online: https:\/\/lpdaac.usgs.gov\/products\/mod13q1v006\/."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3803","article-title":"The ERA5 global reanalysis","volume":"146","author":"Hersbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wace.2022.100448","article-title":"Extreme heat events in the Iberia Peninsula from extreme value mixture modeling of ERA5-Land air temperature","volume":"36","author":"Barbosa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Weather. Clim. Extrem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusa.v21i5.10112","article-title":"Visibility forecast in the phase of pre-condensation","volume":"21","author":"Kasten","year":"1969","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170191","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2017.191","article-title":"TerraClimate, a high-resolution global dataset of monthly climate and climatic water balance from 1958\u20132015","volume":"5","author":"Abatzoglou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4309","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1210423110","article-title":"Green-up dates in the Tibetan Plateau have continuously advanced from 1982 to 2011","volume":"110","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"59","article-title":"Thirteen ways to look at the correlation coefficient","volume":"42","author":"Nicewander","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. Stat."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1177012580","article-title":"Francis Galton\u2019s account of the invention of correlation","volume":"4","author":"Stigler","year":"1989","journal-title":"Stat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-019-0220-7","article-title":"China and India lead in greening of the world through land-use management","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-021-00144-0","article-title":"Multifaceted characteristics of dryland aridity changes in a warming world","volume":"2","author":"Lian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-019-0001-x","article-title":"Characteristics, drivers and feedbacks of global greening","volume":"1","author":"Piao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4892","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18631-1","article-title":"Soil moisture dominates dryness stress on ecosystem production globally","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137408","article-title":"Soil water deficit promotes the effect of atmospheric water deficit on solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence","volume":"720","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb7772","article-title":"Recent global decline of CO2 fertilization effects on vegetation photosynthesis","volume":"370","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.5194\/cp-9-657-2013","article-title":"HadISDH: An updateable land surface specific humidity product for climate monitoring","volume":"9","author":"Willett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clim. Past."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00114-5","article-title":"Recent increases in terrestrial carbon uptake at little cost to the water cycle","volume":"8","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.3017","article-title":"Vegetation dynamic trends and the main drivers detected using the ensemble empirical mode decomposition method in East Africa","volume":"29","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2019.05.004","article-title":"Ecosystem water use efficiency in a young plantation in Northern China and its relationship to drought","volume":"275","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5018","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6018","article-title":"Evidence for a weakening relationship between interannual temperature variability and northern vegetation activity","volume":"5","author":"Piao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.125760","article-title":"Intensification of extreme precipitation in arid Central Asia","volume":"598","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-88-4-527","article-title":"Objectively analyzed air\u2013sea heat fluxes for the global ice-free oceans (1981\u20132005)","volume":"88","author":"Yu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0555-7","article-title":"Widespread seasonal compensation effects of spring warming on northern plant productivity","volume":"562","author":"Buermann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/11\/2574\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:19:53Z","timestamp":1760138393000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/11\/2574"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14112574"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14112574","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]}}}