{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T16:49:49Z","timestamp":1781714989163,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]],"date-time":"2022-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42076195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42076195"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the height of sea detection radar antenna and ship targets is relatively low, it is generally believed that its over-the-horizon detection is mainly caused by the evaporation duct at sea. To fully understand the influence of atmospheric ducts on radar over-the-horizon detection, a shore-based navigation radar was used to carry out over-the-horizon detection experiments; radiosondes were used to measure the atmospheric profile and evaporation duct monitoring equipment was used to measure the evaporation duct. Based on experimental data and model simulation, a comparative analysis of a navigation radar\u2019s over-the-horizon detection, the evaporation duct, and the lower atmospheric duct is presented in this study. The results show that the atmospheric duct can affect the signal propagation of the navigation radar, thus resulting in over-the-horizon detection. The long-range over-the-horizon detection of the navigation radar is caused by the strong lower atmospheric duct, while the evaporation duct can generally only form weak over-the-horizon detection, which is different from the general cognition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14112588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T02:30:06Z","timestamp":1653964206000},"page":"2588","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Experimental Analysis of Atmospheric Ducts and Navigation Radar Over-the-Horizon Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2898-5166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li-Feng","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China"},{"name":"Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0982-6402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng-Guo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-Guang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing-Lin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Jun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3301-9299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Sheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian-Nan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/02726340500486484","article-title":"Parabolic Wave Equation Method Applied to the Tropospheric Ducting Propagation Problem: A Survey","volume":"26","author":"Sirkova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Electromagnetics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X.Z., Wu, Z.S., and Wang, H.G. 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