{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T14:42:32Z","timestamp":1775054552828,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]],"date-time":"2022-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Lifewatch Romania Project","award":["SMIS 126867"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SMIS 126867"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Forest habitat fragmentation is one of the global environmental issues of concern as a result of forest management practices and socioeconomic drivers. In this context, a constant evaluation of natural habitat conditions still remains a challenge in order to achieve a general image of the environmental state of a protected area for proper sustainable management. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the evolution of forest habitat in the last 40 years, focusing on Bucegi Natural Park, one of the most frequented protected areas in Romania, as relevant for highly human-impacted areas. Our approach integrates a historical panchromatic Corona KH-9 image from 1977 and present-day Sentinel-2 multispectral data from 2020 in order to calculate a series of spatial metrics that reveal changes in the pattern of the forest habitat and illustrate forest habitat fragmentation density. Object-based oriented analysis with supervised maximum likelihood classification was employed for the production of forest cover fragmentation maps. Ten landscape metrics were adapted to the analysis context, from patch statistics to proximity index. The results show a general growth of the forest surface but also an increase in habitat fragmentation in areas where tourism was developed. Fragmentation indices explain that larger and compact patches feature natural park protected forests after the spruce\u2013fir secondary canopies were grown during the last 4\u20135 decades. The number of patches decreased to half, and their average size is double that of before. The method can be of extensive use for environmental monitoring in protected areas management and for understanding the environmental history connected to present-day problems that are to be fixed under rising human pressure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14112593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T02:30:06Z","timestamp":1653964206000},"page":"2593","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Forest Habitat Fragmentation in Mountain Protected Areas Using Historical Corona KH-9 and Sentinel-2 Satellite Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5581-0890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan","family":"Olariu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geography, University of Bucharest, 010041 Bucharest, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4665-9620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"V\u00eerghileanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geography, University of Bucharest, 010041 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Romanian Young Academy, University of Bucharest, 050663 Bucharest, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5834-8697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan-Andrei","family":"Mihai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geography, University of Bucharest, 010041 Bucharest, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6054-7954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ionu\u021b","family":"S\u0103vulescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geography, University of Bucharest, 010041 Bucharest, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4285-3776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liviu","family":"Toma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GISBox SRL, Bd. Timi\u0219oara 8A, 061344 Bucharest, Romania"}]},{"given":"Maria-Gianina","family":"S\u0103vulescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simion Mehedin\u021bi Doctoral School, Faculty of Geography, University of Bucharest, 010041 Bucharest, Romania"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(03)00071-5","article-title":"From space to species: Ecological applications for remote sensing","volume":"18","author":"Kerr","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wulder, M., and Franklin, S. (2006). Structure, Function and Change of Forest Landscapes. Understanding Forest Disturbance and Spatial Pattern. 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