{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T01:58:32Z","timestamp":1783130312453,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42030112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030112"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2020JJ2043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020JJ2043"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2019CX007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019CX007"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["512191040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["512191040"]}]},{"name":"Nature Science Foundation of Hunan Province","award":["42030112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030112"]}]},{"name":"Nature Science Foundation of Hunan Province","award":["2020JJ2043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020JJ2043"]}]},{"name":"Nature Science Foundation of Hunan Province","award":["2019CX007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019CX007"]}]},{"name":"Nature Science Foundation of Hunan Province","award":["512191040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["512191040"]}]},{"name":"Project of Innovation-driven Plan of Central South University","award":["42030112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030112"]}]},{"name":"Project of Innovation-driven Plan of Central South University","award":["2020JJ2043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020JJ2043"]}]},{"name":"Project of Innovation-driven Plan of Central South University","award":["2019CX007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019CX007"]}]},{"name":"Project of Innovation-driven Plan of Central South University","award":["512191040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["512191040"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Independent Exploration and Innovation Project of Central South University","award":["42030112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030112"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Independent Exploration and Innovation Project of Central South University","award":["2020JJ2043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020JJ2043"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Independent Exploration and Innovation Project of Central South University","award":["2019CX007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019CX007"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Independent Exploration and Innovation Project of Central South University","award":["512191040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["512191040"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The excessive extraction and recharge of groundwater lead to long-time seasonal land subsidence in Los Angeles, USA, and especially in the Santa Ana basin. The rate of land subsidence in the Santa Ana basin has been rising, which could pose a danger to infrastructure and human lives. However, the most recent research on land surface deformation in the area was conducted using the traditional parameter estimation method, resulting in little understanding of the regional spatiotemporal characteristics. The parametric method consists of a least square linear inversion, using the pre-defined mathematical geometric or geophysical theoretical models to describe groundwater deformation, and it requires precise external environmental variables and accurate geophysical parameters, which are more difficult to implement. In this study, multitemporal InSAR-derived deformation time series are analyzed by using 69 descending C-band Sentinel-1A SAR scenes acquired from 2015 to 2018. A method based on independent component analysis (ICA) is applied to characterize the spatial pattern and temporal evolution of land subsidence in the Santa Ana basin. The results reveal two different spatial and temporal deformation patterns in the basin. First, a widespread seasonal deformation is identified by the first component, related to annual seasonal groundwater level changes, and the overall deformation shows a concentrated spatial pattern. The second component captures a long-term signal with a large-scale spatial pattern. For quantitative assessment, the obtained deformation time series are compared with the GNSS data, validating an accuracy of millimeters. We further calculate the cross-correlation coefficient and the elastic skeletal storage coefficient from the ICA-derived seasonal deformation and groundwater level, which reveals that the deformation responds quickly (i.e., a lag of 8 days) to the change in groundwater and the Santa Ana aquifer retains almost the same elasticity for at least 15 years. Quantifying the spatiotemporal characteristics of the deformation in the Santa Ana basin can provide a reference for the monitoring and managing of groundwater.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14112624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T09:24:29Z","timestamp":1653989069000},"page":"2624","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Characterizing Spatiotemporal Patterns of Land Deformation in the Santa Ana Basin, Los Angeles, from InSAR Time Series and Independent Component Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7277-2980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6206-8607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5412-2703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"874","article-title":"Principles of soil mechanics, IV\u2014Settlement and consolidation of clay","volume":"95","author":"Terzaghi","year":"1925","journal-title":"Eng. 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