{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T15:55:45Z","timestamp":1769097345467,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62001506"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62001506"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Radar network configuration and power allocation are of great importance in military applications, where the entire surveillance area needs to be searched under resource budget constraints. To pursue the joint antenna placement and power allocation (JAPPA) optimization, this paper develops a JAPPA strategy to improve target detection performance in a widely distributed multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) radar network. First, the three variables of the problem are incorporated into the Neyman\u2013Pearson (NP) detector by using the antenna placement optimization and the Lagrange power allocation method. Further, an improved iterative greedy dropping heuristic method based on a two-stage local search is proposed to solve the NP-hard issues of high-dimensional non-linear integer programming. Then, the sum of the weighted logarithmic likelihood ratio test (LRT) function is constructed as optimization criteria for the JAPPA approach. Numerical simulations and the theoretical analysis confirm the superiority of the proposed algorithm in terms of achieving effective overall detection performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14112650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T21:43:42Z","timestamp":1654119822000},"page":"2650","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Joint Antenna Placement and Power Allocation for Target Detection in a Distributed MIMO Radar Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6209-9462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junwei","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haowei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Fishler, E., Haimovich, A., Blum, R., Chizhik, D., Cimini, L., and Valenzuela, R. (2004, January 29). MIMO radar: An idea whose time has come. Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Radar Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37509), Philadelphia, PA, USA."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2020.2991357","article-title":"Design of Constant Modulus Discrete Phase Radar Waveforms Subject to Multi-Spectral Constraints","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Yao, Y., Liu, H.T., Miao, P., and Wu, L.N. (2021). MIMO Radar Design for Extended Target Detection in a Spectrally Crowded Environment. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., 1\u201310."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Stoica, P. (2009). MIMO Radar Signal Processing, Wiley-IEEE Press."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-spr.2012.0323","article-title":"Effects of transmitting correlated waveforms for co-located multi-input multi-output radar with target detection and localisation","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Signal Process. IET"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2008.4408448","article-title":"MIMO Radar with Widely Separated Antennas","volume":"25","author":"Haimovich","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5315","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2011.2164070","article-title":"Target Estimation Using Sparse Modeling for Distributed MIMO Radar","volume":"59","author":"Gogineni","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2005.862813","article-title":"Spatial Diversity in Radars\u2014Models and Detection Performance","volume":"54","author":"Fishler","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3661","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2010.2044613","article-title":"Noncoherent MIMO Radar for Location and Velocity Estimation: More Antennas Means Better Performance","volume":"58","author":"He","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godrich, H., Haimovich, A.M., and Blum, R.S. (2008, January 19\u201321). Cramer Rao bound on target localization estimation in MIMO radar systems. Proceedings of the 2008 42nd Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems, Princeton, NJ, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISS.2008.4558509"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Gacho, J.F.A.L. (2021, January 8\u201311). Researching UAV Threat\u2014New Challenges. Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Military Technologies (ICMT), Brno, Czech Republic."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4334","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2020.3024531","article-title":"Robust Transceiver Design in the Presence of Eclipsing Loss for Spectrally Dense Environments","volume":"15","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2017.2649338","article-title":"Joint Placement of Transmitters and Receivers for Distributed MIMO Radars","volume":"53","author":"Yi","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-spr.2016.0556","article-title":"Improving MIMO radar\u2019s performance through receivers\u2019 positioning","volume":"11","author":"Chitgarha","year":"2017","journal-title":"IET Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199227","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3034591","article-title":"Geometric Optimization of Distributed MIMO Radar Systems with Spatial Distance Constraints","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2015.12.022","article-title":"A fast efficient power allocation algorithm for target localization in cognitive distributed multiple radar systems","volume":"127","author":"Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3946","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2018.2841865","article-title":"Robust Chance Constrained Power Allocation Scheme for Multiple Target Localization in Colocated MIMO Radar System","volume":"66","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"12","article-title":"Power resource allocation scheme for distributed MIMO dual-function radar-communication system based on low probability of intercept","volume":"106","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Digit. Signal Prog."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2014.120776","article-title":"Antenna placement and power allocation optimization in MIMO detection","volume":"50","author":"Radmard","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1049\/rsn2.12136","article-title":"Joint Power allocation and target detection in distributed MIMO radars","volume":"15","author":"Jebali","year":"2021","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2014.2365206","article-title":"A Joint Scheme of Antenna Selection and Power Allocation for Localization in MIMO Radar Sensor Networks","volume":"18","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2017.2777394","article-title":"Joint Node Selection and Power Allocation Strategy for Multitarget Tracking in Decentralized Radar Networks","volume":"66","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2011.2170170","article-title":"Sensor Selection in Distributed Multiple-Radar Architectures for Localization: A Knapsack Problem Formulation","volume":"60","author":"Godrich","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4315","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2005.857056","article-title":"Adaptive MIMO antenna selection via discrete stochastic optimization","volume":"53","author":"Berenguer","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Q., Blum, R.S., Haimovich, A.M., and He, Z. (2008, January 26\u201329). Antenna placement for velocity estimation using MIMO radar. Proceedings of the 2008 42nd Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, Pacific Grove, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACSSC.2008.5074480"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4606","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2020.2998196","article-title":"Antenna Placement in a Compressive Sensing-Based Colocated MIMO Radar","volume":"56","author":"Ajorloo","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2020.3047519","article-title":"Robust Power Allocation for Resource-Aware Multi-Target Tracking with Colocated MIMO Radars","volume":"69","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2011.2174989","article-title":"Scheduling and Power Allocation in a Cognitive Radar Network for Multiple-Target Tracking","volume":"60","author":"Chavali","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2019.2960401","article-title":"Joint Subarray Selection and Power Allocation for Cognitive Target Tracking in Large-Scale MIMO Radar Networks","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2021.103318","article-title":"Collaborative radar node selection and transmitter resource allocation algorithm for target tracking applications in multiple radar architectures","volume":"121","author":"Shia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Digit. Signal Prog."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62387","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2916334","article-title":"Sensor Scheduling and Resource Allocation in Distributed MIMO Radar for Joint Target Tracking and Detection","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Skolnik, M.I. (1990). Radar Handbook, McGraw-Hill Education."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"News, S., and News, S. (1968). Detection, Estimation and Modulation Theory, John Wiley & Sons, Inc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2019.01.014","article-title":"Scaled accuracy based power allocation for multi-target tracking with colocated MIMO radars","volume":"158","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3110","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2015.2417504","article-title":"Simultaneous Multibeam Resource Allocation Scheme for Multiple Target Tracking","volume":"63","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyd, S., and Vandenberghe, L. (2004). Convex Optimization, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511804441"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2006.884922","article-title":"Convex Optimization","volume":"51","author":"Boyd","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Bertsekas, D.P., Nedic, A., and Ozdaglar, A.E. (2003). Convex Analysis and Optimization, MIT. Pitman Advanced Pub. Program."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2004.1267055","article-title":"Cyclic minimizers, majorization techniques, and the expectation-maximization algorithm: A refresher","volume":"21","author":"Stoica","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahafza, B.R., and Elsherbeni, A. (2003). MATLAB Simulations for Radar Systems Design, Chapman and Hall\/CRC.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203502556"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, J., Zhang, T., Yang, Y., Cui, G., and Yang, J. (2017, January 10\u201313). An efficient antenna placement method for MIMO radar under the situation of multiple interference regions. Proceedings of the 2017 20th International Conference on Information Fusion (Fusion), Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.23919\/ICIF.2017.8009826"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2020.2986020","article-title":"Joint Target Assignment and Power Allocation in Multiple Distributed MIMO Radar Networks","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2019.0480","article-title":"A Bernoulli track-before-detect filter for maritime radar","volume":"14","author":"Ristic","year":"2019","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Liu, W., Shi, J., Fei, T., and Zong, B. (IEEE Trans. Signal Process., 2022). Joint detection threshold optimization and illumination time allocation strategy for cognitive tracking in a networked radar system, IEEE Trans. Signal Process., to be published.","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2022.3188205"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2021.103085","article-title":"Joint Beamforming and Power Allocation Between A Multistatic MIMO Radar Network and Multiple Targets Using Game Theoretic Analysis","volume":"115","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Digit. Signal Prog."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/11\/2650\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:23:26Z","timestamp":1760138606000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/11\/2650"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14112650"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14112650","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]}}}