{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T17:58:44Z","timestamp":1772819924589,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Avian radar technologies have the potential to serve an important role in the quantification of bird movements and determining patterns of bird use in areas where human\u2013wildlife conflicts might occur (e.g., airports, wind energy facilities). Ground-truthing studies are needed to help wildlife managers understand the biological meaning of radar information, as the capabilities and limitations of these technologies are relatively unknown. We conducted a study to evaluate the efficacy of three X-band marine radar sensors for tracking red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) on or near the airfield at Chicago\u2019s O\u2019Hare International Airport from September 2010 to May 2014. Specific information regarding red-tailed hawk locations derived from satellite telemetry was used to determine how frequently the three radar sensors provided corresponding tracks of these avian targets (i.e., synchronized monitoring). We examined various factors (e.g., bird altitude and distance to the radar) to determine if they had any influence on the frequency of synchronicity between satellite telemetry locations and radar tracks. We found evidence that as the distance between a hawk and the radars increased, the radars\u2019 ability to detect and track known avian targets decreased. Overall, the frequency of synchronization events for red-tailed hawks was low. Of the 1977 red-tailed hawk locations that should have been visible to the radar sensors, 51 of these bird movements were tracked by at least one of the radar sensors (2.6%). This study provides a new methodology for evaluating the performance of radar systems for tracking birds and determining what factors might influence overall performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14112658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T04:46:23Z","timestamp":1654145183000},"page":"2658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Monitoring Raptor Movements with Satellite Telemetry and Avian Radar Systems: An Evaluation for Synchronicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2526-2352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian E.","family":"Washburn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Wildlife Research Center, USDA APHIS Wildlife Services, 6100 Columbus Avenue, Sandusky, OH 44870, USA"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Maher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}]},{"given":"Scott F.","family":"Beckerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA APHIS Wildlife Services, 3430 Constitution Avenue, Suite 121, Springfield, IL 62711, USA"}]},{"given":"Siddhartha","family":"Majumdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6244-8623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig K.","family":"Pullins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA APHIS Wildlife Services, O\u2019Hare International Airport, AMC Building, Room 421, Chicago, IL 60666, USA"}]},{"given":"Travis L.","family":"Guerrant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA APHIS Wildlife Services, 1713 Commerce Court, Suite C, Columbia, MO 65202, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2013.02.015","article-title":"The airspace is habitat","volume":"28","author":"Diehl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. 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