{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T16:15:33Z","timestamp":1762272933069,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]],"date-time":"2022-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"China Meteorological Administration Northwest Region Weather Modification Construction Research Test Project","award":["RYSY201902","2016YFE0201900-02","41575037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYSY201902","2016YFE0201900-02","41575037"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Plan of China","award":["RYSY201902","2016YFE0201900-02","41575037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYSY201902","2016YFE0201900-02","41575037"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["RYSY201902","2016YFE0201900-02","41575037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYSY201902","2016YFE0201900-02","41575037"]}]},{"name":"NASA GPM-GV program","award":["RYSY201902","2016YFE0201900-02","41575037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYSY201902","2016YFE0201900-02","41575037"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The microphysical parameters of snowfall directly impact hydrological and atmospheric models. During the International Collaborative Experiment hosted at the Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games (ICE-POP 2018), dual-frequency radar retrievals of particle size distribution (PSD) parameters were produced and assessed over complex terrain. The NASA Dual-frequency Dual-polarized Doppler Radar (D3R) and a collection of second-generation Particle Size and Velocity (PARSIVEL2) disdrometer observations were used to develop retrievals. The conventional look-up table method (LUT) and random forest method (RF) were applied to the disdrometer data to develop retrievals for the volume-weighted mean diameter (Dm), the shape factor (mu), the normalized intercept parameter (Nw), the ice water content (IWC), and the snowfall rate (S). Evaluations were performed between the D3R radar and disdrometer observations using these two methods. The mean errors of the retrievals based on the RF method were small compared with those of the LUT method. The results indicate that the RF method is a promising way of retrieving microphysical parameters, because this method does not require any assumptions about the PSD of snowfall.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14112685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]],"date-time":"2022-06-03T10:33:01Z","timestamp":1654252381000},"page":"2685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dual-Frequency Radar Retrievals of Snowfall Using Random Forest"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tiantian","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"},{"name":"CMA Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Sounding, Chengdu 610225, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Chandrasekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"},{"name":"CMA Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Sounding, Chengdu 610225, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Urban Meteorology (IUM), Beijing 100089, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9512","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL065497","article-title":"Importance of snow to global precipitation","volume":"42","author":"Field","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. 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