{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:33:38Z","timestamp":1760229218594,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]],"date-time":"2022-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the context of improving the dimensioning of observation and telecommunication, the characterization of the propagation canal is very important. Thus, accurate models of propagation phenomenona in their environment and above a rough surface (maritime or terrestrial) are of major interest for many applications (such as radar, communications, and teledetection). To provide solutions to this problem, in this paper, we propose a fast, memory-efficient, and accurate asymptotic method for 2D tropospheric propagation for a large band of frequency that accounts for relief, as well as ground composition and roughness. This latter is a two-way split-step wavelet scheme with an intrinsic stopping criterion. For overseas propagation, roughness effects are considered through a hybrid method. A complete theoretical comparison with SSF in terms of memory and time efficiency is proposed. Simulations in various environments (ground, sea, and snow), as well as different frequencies (UHF, S, and X-band) are performed to validate the method and highlight its advantages. To highlight the interest of the developed methodology, this latter is applied to different real-life applications, such as the prediction of radar coverage and the optimization of an antenna location.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14112686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]],"date-time":"2022-06-03T10:33:01Z","timestamp":1654252381000},"page":"2686","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Two-Way Split-Step Wavelet Scheme for Tropospheric Long-Range Propagation in Various Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4874-4047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Bonnafont","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab-STICC, UMR, CNRS 6285, ENSTA Bretagne, 29806 Brest, France"}]},{"given":"Othmane","family":"Benhmammouch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Smart Systems, International University of Casablanca, Bouskoura 50169, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8791-0768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Khenchaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab-STICC, UMR, CNRS 6285, ENSTA Bretagne, 29806 Brest, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2017.2650058","article-title":"A deterministic VOR error modeling method\u2014Application to wind turbines","volume":"53","author":"Claudepierre","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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