{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T22:13:26Z","timestamp":1761948806869,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]],"date-time":"2022-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U2142209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2142209"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Profiling the vertical atmospheric structure for typhoons remains challenging. Here, the atmospheric dynamic and thermodynamic structures were investigated during the passage of Typhoon Sinlaku (2020) over Xisha Islands in the South China Sea for the period 28 July to 2 August 2020, mainly based on two-way rawinsonde and dropsonde measurements in combination with surface-based automatic weather station observations, disdrometer measurements, and Himawari-8 geostationary satellite images. The study period was divided to three stages: the formation stage of tropical depression (pre-TD), tropical depression (TD), and tropical storm (TS). The wind speed and local vertical wind shear reached the maximum value at 3 km above mean sea level (AMSL) before the typhoon approached the Xisha islands. Pseudo-equivalent potential temperature (\u03b8se) was found to decrease with the altitude below 2 km AMSL; temperature inversions occurred frequently within this altitude range, particularly during the TS stage. This seemed a typical capping inversion that indicated a downward motion above 2 km AMSL. The temperature increased slightly with the development of Typhoon Sinlaku (2020) at altitudes of 8\u201310 km AMSL. This indicated that our observations presumably captured the air mass warmed by the condensation, which was a good signature of an upper air in the tropical cyclone. In addition, wind speed (particularly in the lower stratosphere), specific humidity, and equivalent potential temperature escalated significantly when the tropical depression strengthened into Typhoon Sinlaku (2020), which indicated that the typhoon constantly obtained energy from the sea surface during its passage over the study region. The thermodynamic and dynamic structures of atmosphere advance our understanding of the inner structure of typhoons during the different evolutionary stages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14112704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]],"date-time":"2022-06-04T09:42:32Z","timestamp":1654335752000},"page":"2704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Investigation of Atmospheric Dynamic and Thermodynamic Structures of Typhoon Sinlaku (2020) from High-Resolution Dropsonde and Two-Way Rawinsonde Measurements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lihui","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xingtai Meteorological Bureau, CMA, Xingtai 054000, China"},{"name":"Meteorological Observation Centre, CMA, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yuancai","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorological Observation Centre, CMA, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Qiyun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorological Observation Centre, CMA, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Wenhua","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8530-8976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianping","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2004)061<1209:TROVHT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The role of \u201cvortical\u201d hot towers in the formation of Tropical Cyclone Diana (1984)","volume":"61","author":"Hendricks","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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