{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:33:29Z","timestamp":1760229209098,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,5]],"date-time":"2022-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["41975130","42175174","XDA20050102","2019QZKK0102","KYTZ201810","2019YJ0408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41975130","42175174","XDA20050102","2019QZKK0102","KYTZ201810","2019YJ0408"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["41975130","42175174","XDA20050102","2019QZKK0102","KYTZ201810","2019YJ0408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41975130","42175174","XDA20050102","2019QZKK0102","KYTZ201810","2019YJ0408"]}]},{"name":"the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) program","award":["41975130","42175174","XDA20050102","2019QZKK0102","KYTZ201810","2019YJ0408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41975130","42175174","XDA20050102","2019QZKK0102","KYTZ201810","2019YJ0408"]}]},{"name":"the Research Foundation of Chengdu University of Information Technology","award":["41975130","42175174","XDA20050102","2019QZKK0102","KYTZ201810","2019YJ0408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41975130","42175174","XDA20050102","2019QZKK0102","KYTZ201810","2019YJ0408"]}]},{"name":"the Project of Science and Technology Plan of Sichuan","award":["41975130","42175174","XDA20050102","2019QZKK0102","KYTZ201810","2019YJ0408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41975130","42175174","XDA20050102","2019QZKK0102","KYTZ201810","2019YJ0408"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The diurnal variation in precipitation and cloud parameters and their influencing factors during summer over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and Sichuan Basin (SB) were investigated using the Hydro-Estimator satellite rainfall estimates, ground observations, and ERA5 dataset. The precipitation and cloud parameters show diurnal propagation over the SB during the mei-yu period in contrast to such parameters over the TP. The diurnal maximum precipitation from the Hydro-Estimator satellite and cloud ice and liquid water content (cloud LWC and IWC) from the ERA5 dataset are concentrated in the early evening, while their diurnal minimums manifest in the morning. Cloud LWC accounts for more than 60% of the total water during almost the entire diurnal cycle over the inner TP and SB during the mei-yu period. The IWC accounts for more than 60% of the total water in the late afternoon over the edge of the SB and TP. The cloud base height (CBH) above ground level (AGL), the lifting condensation level (LCL) AGL, and the zero degree level AGL are almost equal over the TP during the summer period. The zero degree level AGL over the SB is higher than that over the TP because the air temperature lapse rate over the TP is larger. The thickness of liquid water cloud over the SB is larger than that over the TP. The correlation analysis shows that the CBH AGL and LCL AGL over the TP are related to the dewpoint spread, but less so over the SB because of the stronger turbulence and lower air density over the TP than the SB. Convective available potential energy has a larger impact on precipitation over the TP than the SB. The cloud LWC makes a larger contribution to the precipitation over the SB than over the TP, which is related to the mean zonal wind and diurnal cycle of low-level winds. The precipitation at the edge of the TP and SB (i.e., the steep downstream slope) is largely influenced by the ice water contained within clouds owing to the convergence rising motion over the slopes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14112711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,5]],"date-time":"2022-06-05T10:47:11Z","timestamp":1654426031000},"page":"2711","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Diurnal Variation in Cloud and Precipitation Characteristics in Summer over the Tibetan Plateau and Sichuan Basin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1166-004X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bangjun","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Science, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"},{"name":"Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, 50969 Cologne, Germany"}]},{"given":"Xianyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Science, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"}]},{"given":"Boliang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Science, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"}]},{"given":"Yaqiong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1146-3628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Science, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L20815","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL035867","article-title":"World water tower: An atmospheric perspective","volume":"35","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L05802","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024713","article-title":"Tower mast of precipitation over the central Tibetan Plateau summer","volume":"33","author":"Fu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08707","article-title":"Dominant control of the South Asian monsoon by orographic insulation versus plateau heating","volume":"463","author":"Boos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwz226","article-title":"Land surface processes and summer cloud-precipitation characteristics in the Tibetan Plateau and their effects on downstream weather: A review and perspective","volume":"7","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021JD035279","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JD035279","article-title":"The role of mesoscale convective systems in precipitation in the Tibetan Plateau region","volume":"126","author":"Kukulies","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-20-0129.1","article-title":"Observed soil moisture impact on strong convection over mountainous Tibetan Plateau","volume":"22","author":"Barton","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.106","article-title":"Monsoon convection in the Himalayan region as seen by the TRMM precipitation radar","volume":"133","author":"Houze","year":"2007","journal-title":"Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-16-0050.1","article-title":"The Third Atmospheric Scientific Experiment for understanding the earth-atmosphere coupled system over the Tibetan Plateau and its effects","volume":"99","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"518","article-title":"Diurnal variation of summer rainfall over the Tibetan Plateau and its neighboring regions revealed by TRMM multi-satellite precipitation analysis","volume":"51","author":"Bai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"368","article-title":"The statistic characteristics of radar echo and precipitation and some thermodynamic variables at Naqu in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau","volume":"21","author":"Feng","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plateau Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.7251","article-title":"Precipitation efficiency of cloud and its influencing factors over the Tibetan plateau","volume":"42","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Chang, C.P., and Krishnamurti, T.N. (1987). A review of recent research on the East Asian summer monsoon in China. Monsoon Meteorology, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj1965.70.1B_373","article-title":"Summer monsoon rainfalls in China","volume":"70","author":"Ding","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Meteor. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj1965.72.6_959","article-title":"Large-scale circulations associated with the East Asian summer monsoon and the mei-yu over South China and Taiwan","volume":"72","author":"Chen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Meteor. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00703-005-0125-z","article-title":"The East Asian summer monsoon: An overview","volume":"89","author":"Ding","year":"2005","journal-title":"Meteor. Atmos. Phys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, C.-P. (2004). Research on the phenomena of Meiyu during the past quarter century: An overview. The East Asian Monsoon, World Scientific.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812701411_0010"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1007\/s13351-015-4208-6","article-title":"Comprehensive radar observations of clouds and precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau and preliminary analysis of cloud properties","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1014","article-title":"A study of convective clouds in the Tibetan Plateau based on dual polarimeteic radar observations","volume":"76","author":"Mei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Meteor Sin."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-002-0028-6","article-title":"The diurnal variation of precipitation in monsoon season in the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj.79.1207","article-title":"The seasonal and intraseasonal variability of diurnal cloud activity over the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"79","author":"Fujinami","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Meteor. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1188","article-title":"Characteristics of the precipitation diurnal variation over Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in summer","volume":"36","author":"Ji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plateau Meteor."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2017.02.002","article-title":"MMCR-based characteristic properties of non-precipitating cloud liquid droplets at Naqu site over Tibetan Plateau in July 2014","volume":"190","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JCLI3719.1","article-title":"Diurnal variations of precipitation, deep convection, and lightning over and east of the eastern Tibetan Plateau","volume":"24","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-017-3992-3","article-title":"Precipitation characteristics over the steep slope of the Himalayas in rainy season observed by TRMM PR and VIRS","volume":"51","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"313","article-title":"Precipitation character of rainy season of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and onset over East Asia monsoon","volume":"23","author":"Gong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plateau Meteor."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"D21105","article-title":"Diurnal variation of precipitation over southeastern China: 2. Impact of the diurnal monsoon variability","volume":"114","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"948","article-title":"Progress in studies of the precipitation diurnal variation over contiguous China","volume":"72","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(2000)081<2035:EOPSSE>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Evaluation of PERSIANN system satellite-based estimates of tropical rainfall","volume":"81","author":"Sorooshian","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Huffman, G.J., Bolvin, D.T., and Nelkin, E.J. (2019, September 16). Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) Technical Documentation, Available online: http:\/\/pmm.nasa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/document_files\/IMERG_doc.pdf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM560.1","article-title":"The TRMM multisatellite precipitation analysis (TMPA): Quasi-global, multiyear, combined-sensor precipitation estimates at fine scales","volume":"8","author":"Huffman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1175\/1525-7541(2004)005<0487:CAMTPG>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"CMORPH: A method that produces global precipitation estimates from passive microwave and infrared data at high spatial and temporal resolution","volume":"5","author":"Joyce","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1037","article-title":"Status and outlook of operational satellite precipitation algorithms for extreme-precipitation events","volume":"18","author":"Scofield","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mon. Wea. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2017.02.006","article-title":"Assessment of satellite precipitation estimates over the slopes of the subtropical Andes","volume":"190","author":"Hobouchian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7315","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2010.523028","article-title":"Evaluating the hydro-estimator satellite rainfall algorithm over a mountainous region","volume":"32","author":"Yucel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"38","article-title":"Analysis on cloud microphysical property over Qinghai-Xizang Plateau using satellite data","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plateau Meteor"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-2359-2013","article-title":"The atmospheric radiation measurement (ARM) program network of microwave radiometers: Instrumentation, data, and retrievals","volume":"6","author":"Cadeddu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D10206","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JD016792","article-title":"Toward understanding of differences in current cloud retrievals of ARM ground-based measurements","volume":"117","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17079","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-17079-2021","article-title":"Investigation of nearglobal daytime boundary layer height using high-resolution radiosondes: First results and comparison with ERA5, MERRA-2, JRA-55, and NCEP-2 reanalyses","volume":"21","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s13351-022-1167-6","article-title":"Factors influencing diurnal variations of cloud and precipitation in the Yushu area of the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"36","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Meteor. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"658","article-title":"The real-time radar radial velocity 3DVar assimilation experiments for application to an operational forecast model in North China","volume":"72","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Meteor. Sinica"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2014.06.017","article-title":"Improving forecasting of strong convection by assimilating cloud-to-ground lightning data using the physical initialization method","volume":"150","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2643","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD029834","article-title":"What is the main cause of diurnal variation and nocturnal peak of summer precipitation in Sichuan Basin, China? The key role of boundary layer low- level jet inertial oscillations","volume":"124","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0434(2002)017<0885:CBOCCB>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Comparison between observed convective cloud-base heights and lifting condensation level for two different lifted parcels","volume":"17","author":"Craven","year":"2002","journal-title":"Wea. Forecast"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL089665","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL089665","article-title":"Why are there more summer afternoon low clouds over the Tibetan Plateau compared to eastern China?","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwu045","article-title":"Tibetan Plateau climate dynamics: Recent research progress and outlook","volume":"2","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/11\/2711\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:24:44Z","timestamp":1760138684000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/11\/2711"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,5]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14112711"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14112711","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,5]]}}}