{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T19:39:20Z","timestamp":1774294760856,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]],"date-time":"2022-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"NASA Earth Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80HQTR19C0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80HQTR19C0003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NOAA\u2019s Office of Marine and Aviation Operations (OMAO)","award":["80HQTR19C0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80HQTR19C0003"]}]},{"name":"NOAA\u2019s Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) Ocean Portfolio","award":["80HQTR19C0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80HQTR19C0003"]}]},{"name":"NOAA\u2019s Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory","award":["80HQTR19C0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80HQTR19C0003"]}]},{"name":"Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory","award":["80HQTR19C0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80HQTR19C0003"]}]},{"name":"NOAA\/AOML\u2019s Physical Oceanography Division","award":["80HQTR19C0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80HQTR19C0003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In 2021, a novel NOAA-Saildrone project deployed five uncrewed surface vehicle Saildrones (SDs) to monitor regions of the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea frequented by tropical cyclones. One of the SDs, SD-1045, crossed Hurricane Sam (Category 4) on September 30, providing the first-ever surface-ocean videos of conditions in the core of a major hurricane and reporting near-surface winds as high as 40 m\/s. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis and interpretation of the Saildrone ocean surface wind measurements in Hurricane Sam, using the following datasets for direct and indirect comparisons: an NDBC buoy in the path of the storm, radiometer tropical cyclone (TC) winds from SMAP and AMSR2, wind retrievals from the ASCAT scatterometers and SAR (RadarSat2), and HWRF model winds. The SD winds show excellent consistency with the satellite observations and a remarkable ability to detect the strength of the winds at the SD location. We use the HWRF model and satellite data to perform cross-comparisons of the SD with the buoy, which sampled different relative locations within the storm. Finally, we review the collective consistency among these measurements by describing the uncertainty of each wind dataset and discussing potential sources of systematic errors, such as the impact of extreme conditions on the SD measurements and uncertainties in the methodology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14122726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,12]],"date-time":"2022-06-12T23:55:24Z","timestamp":1655078124000},"page":"2726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Assessment of Saildrone Extreme Wind Measurements in Hurricane Sam Using MW Satellite Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2093-708X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucrezia","family":"Ricciardulli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Systems, 444 10th Street, Suite 200, Santa Rosa, CA 95401, USA"}]},{"given":"Gregory R.","family":"Foltz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOAA\/AOML, 4301 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149, USA"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Manaster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Systems, 444 10th Street, Suite 200, Santa Rosa, CA 95401, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5488-1566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Meissner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Systems, 444 10th Street, Suite 200, Santa Rosa, CA 95401, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00443","article-title":"Remotely Sensed Winds and Wind Stresses for Marine Forecasting and Ocean Modeling","volume":"6","author":"Bourassa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. 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