{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T07:11:34Z","timestamp":1772089894462,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]],"date-time":"2022-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42101463"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101463"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42071360"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071360"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["71961137003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71961137003"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2020A1515111166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020A1515111166"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021M692164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M692164"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Basic and Applied Basic Research Fund Project","award":["42101463"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101463"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Basic and Applied Basic Research Fund Project","award":["42071360"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071360"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Basic and Applied Basic Research Fund Project","award":["71961137003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71961137003"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Basic and Applied Basic Research Fund Project","award":["2020A1515111166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020A1515111166"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Basic and Applied Basic Research Fund Project","award":["2021M692164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M692164"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42101463"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101463"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42071360"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071360"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["71961137003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71961137003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020A1515111166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020A1515111166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021M692164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M692164"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System","award":["42101463"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101463"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System","award":["42071360"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071360"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System","award":["71961137003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71961137003"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System","award":["2020A1515111166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020A1515111166"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System","award":["2021M692164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M692164"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sensing the nighttime economy\u2013housing imbalance is of great importance for urban planning and commerce. As an efficient tool of social sensing and human observation, mobile phone data provides an effective way to address this issue. In this paper, an indicator, mobile phone data-based nighttime economy\u2013housing imbalance intensity, is proposed to measure the degree of the nighttime economy\u2013housing imbalance. This indicator can distinguish vitality variations between sleep periods and nighttime activity periods, which are highly related to the nighttime economy\u2013housing imbalance. The spatial pattern of the nighttime economy\u2013housing imbalance was explored, and its association with the built environment was investigated through city-scale geographical regression analysis in Shanghai, China. The results showed that the sub-districts of Shanghai with high-positive-imbalance intensities displayed structures with superimposed rings and striped shapes, and the sub-districts with negative imbalance intensities were distributed around high positive-intensity areas. There were significant linear correlations between imbalance intensity and the built environment. The multiple influences of built environment factors and related mechanisms were explored from a geographical perspective. Our study utilized the social sensing data to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the nighttime economy\u2013housing imbalance. These findings will be useful for fostering the nighttime economy and supporting urban renewal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14122738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,12]],"date-time":"2022-06-12T23:55:24Z","timestamp":1655078124000},"page":"2738","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Sensing the Nighttime Economy\u2013Housing Imbalance from a Mobile Phone Data Perspective: A Case Study in Shanghai"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0779-4432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingxiao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Information Smart Sensing and Services, Research Institute of Smart Cities, School of Architecture & Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0255-4037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Information Smart Sensing and Services, Research Institute of Smart Cities, School of Architecture & Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6573-2550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"The Academy of Digital China, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2019.02.004","article-title":"Capturing Violence in the Night-Time Economy: A Review of Established and Emerging Methodologies","volume":"46","author":"Philpot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aggress. Violent Behav."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1177\/1748895809343409","article-title":"\u2018This Town\u2019s a Different Town Today\u2019: Policing and Regulating the Night-Time Economy","volume":"9","author":"Hadfield","year":"2009","journal-title":"Criminol. Crim. Justice"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/03058034.2020.1842578","article-title":"Alcohol and Personal Security in the Built Environment: Student Engagement in the Night-Time Economy of Kingston upon Thames, London, UK","volume":"46","author":"Gant","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lond. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2019.01.024","article-title":"Socio-Spatial and Temporal Dimensions of Transport Equity for London\u2019s Night Time Economy","volume":"121","author":"McArthur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Roberts, M., and Eldridge, A. (2009). Planning the Night-Time City, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102573","article-title":"Relationships between Noise Complaints and Socio-Economic Factors in England","volume":"65","author":"Tong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1108\/IJTC-04-2018-0028","article-title":"Overtourism and the Night-Time Economy: A Case Study of Budapest","volume":"5","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Tour. Cities"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1177\/1748895811422949","article-title":"Bars, Drugs and Football Thugs: Alcohol, Cocaine Use and Violence in the Night Time Economy among English Football Firms","volume":"12","author":"Ayres","year":"2012","journal-title":"Criminol. Crim. Justice"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1177\/1477370805050864","article-title":"Violent Hypocrisy: Governance and the Night-Time Economy","volume":"2","author":"Hobbs","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Criminol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2427.12896","article-title":"The Creative Night-Time Leisure Economy of Informal Drinking Venues","volume":"44","author":"Charman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Urban Reg. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2021.101749","article-title":"The potential of nighttime light remote sensing data to evaluate the development of digital economy: A case study of China at the city level","volume":"92","author":"Zuoqi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2020.3010936","article-title":"Identifying and Evaluating the Nighttime Economy in China Using Multisource Data","volume":"18","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04019007","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000513","article-title":"Influence of Built Environment on Urban Vitality: Case Study of Shanghai Using Mobile Phone Location Data","volume":"145","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Urban Plan. Dev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2019.104340","article-title":"Nine-Nine-Six Work System and People\u2019s Movement Patterns: Using Big Data Sets to Analyse Overtime Working in Shanghai","volume":"90","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1080\/14616688.2017.1375972","article-title":"Tourism, Nightlife and Planning: Challenges and Opportunities for Community Liveability in La Barceloneta","volume":"20","author":"Nofre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tour. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2021.1912347","article-title":"Prediction of Human Activity Intensity Using the Interactions in Physical and Social Spaces through Graph Convolutional Networks","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2017.1356464","article-title":"Coupling Mobile Phone and Social Media Data: A New Approach to Understanding Urban Functions and Diurnal Patterns","volume":"31","author":"Tu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2018.04.001","article-title":"Human Mobility and Socioeconomic Status: Analysis of Singapore and Boston","volume":"72","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, X., Fang, Z., Yin, L., Li, J., Zhou, Y., and Lu, S. (2018). Understanding the Spatial Structure of Urban Commuting Using Mobile Phone Location Data: A Case Study of Shenzhen, China. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10051435"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2019.101346","article-title":"Reconstruction of Human Movement Trajectories from Large-Scale Low-Frequency Mobile Phone Data","volume":"77","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"89","article-title":"The Behavior Characteristics and Satisfaction of Night Activities in Urban Riverside Parks\u2014Taking the Fuzhou Min Jiang South Park as a Case","volume":"21","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Fujian Agric. For. Univ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1068\/a44494","article-title":"Rhythms of the Night: Spatiotemporal Inequalities in the Nighttime Economy","volume":"44","author":"Schwanen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Env. Plan A"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1080\/00045608.2012.687349","article-title":"The Uncertain Geographic Context Problem","volume":"102","author":"Kwan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12337","article-title":"Geographic Information Science and the Analysis of Place and Health","volume":"22","author":"Mennis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.10.098","article-title":"Quantifying Human Exposure to Air Pollution\u2014Moving from Static Monitoring to Spatio-Temporally Resolved Personal Exposure Assessment","volume":"443","author":"Steinle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, H., Shao, Z., Fu, P., and Cheng, Q. (2017). The Dynamic Analysis between Urban Nighttime Economy and Urbanization Using the DMSP\/OLS Nighttime Light Data in China from 1992 to 2012. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9050416"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stevens, F.R., Gaughan, A.E., Linard, C., and Tatem, A.J. (2015). Disaggregating Census Data for Population Mapping Using Random Forests with Remotely-Sensed and Ancillary Data. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107042"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Deng, Y., Wang, Y., Huang, H., Du, Q., and Ren, F. (2020). Urban Nighttime Leisure Space Mapping with Nighttime Light Images and POI Data. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12030541"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102629","article-title":"Quantifying and Analyzing Traffic Emission Reductions from Ridesharing: A Case Study of Shanghai","volume":"89","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2020.09.229","article-title":"Population Estimation by Random Forest Analysis Using Social Sensors","volume":"176","author":"Hara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"718","article-title":"Using Social Media to Measure Temporal Ambient Population: Does It Help Explain Local Crime Rates?","volume":"4","author":"Hipp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Justice Q."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2019.1694680","article-title":"Data-Driven Approach to Characterize Urban Vitality: How Spatiotemporal Context Dynamically Defines Seoul\u2019s Nighttime","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102609","article-title":"Identifying Urban Vitality in Metropolitan Areas of Developing Countries from a Comparative Perspective: Ho Chi Minh City versus Shanghai","volume":"65","author":"Yue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"De Nadai, M., Staiano, J., Larcher, R., Sebe, N., Quercia, D., and Lepri, B. The Death and Life of Great Italian Cities: A Mobile Phone Data Perspective. Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on World Wide Web."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Griggs, D., Nilsson, M., Stevance, A., and McCollum, D. (2017). A Guide to SDG Interactions: From Science to Implementation, International Council for Science."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1080\/0042098975600","article-title":"The Jobs-Housing Balance and Urban Commuting","volume":"34","author":"Peng","year":"1997","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1080\/00420989320081461","article-title":"Is the Journey to Work Explained by Urban Structure?","volume":"30","author":"Giuliano","year":"1993","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.2747\/0272-3638.23.8.728","article-title":"Job\/Housing Imbalance and Commuting Time in the Atlanta Metropolitan Area: Exploration of Causes of Longer Commuting Time","volume":"23","author":"Sultana","year":"2002","journal-title":"Urban Geogr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2011.11.003","article-title":"Jobs\/Housing Balance and Employer-Based Travel Demand Management Program Returns to Scale: Evidence from Los Angeles","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1086\/261665","article-title":"Wasteful Commuting Again","volume":"97","author":"Hamilton","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Political Econ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1086\/657114","article-title":"Income Inequality and Income Segregation","volume":"116","author":"Reardon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Sociol."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Frias-Martinez, V., Soguero, C., and Frias-Martinez, E. Estimation of Urban Commuting Patterns Using Cellphone Network Data. Proceedings of the ACM SIGKDD International Workshop on Urban Computing."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, X., Fang, Z., Xu, Y., Shaw, S.-L., Zhao, Z., Yin, L., Zhang, T., and Lin, Y. (2016). Understanding Spatiotemporal Patterns of Human Convergence and Divergence Using Mobile Phone Location Data. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi5100177"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12760","article-title":"Segregation or Integration? Exploring Activity Disparities between Migrants and Settled Urban Residents Using Human Mobility Data","volume":"25","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2019). Shanghai Bureau of Statistics Shanghai Statistical Yearbook, China Statistical Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Leading Group Office of Shanghai Master Plan (2015). Outline of Shanghai Master Plan (2015\u20132040): Striving for the Excellent Global City, Shanghai People\u2019s Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2013). China Mobile Limited China Mobile Limited Annual Report, China Mobile Limited."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Pescap\u00e8, A., Salgarelli, L., and Dimitropoulos, X. Steps towards the Extraction of Vehicular Mobility Patterns from 3G Signaling Data. Proceedings of the Traffic Monitoring and Analysis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2014.02.011","article-title":"Estimating Human Trajectories and Hotspots through Mobile Phone Data","volume":"64","author":"Hoteit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000027790.02288.f2","article-title":"Scale & Affine Invariant Interest Point Detectors","volume":"60","author":"Mikolajczyk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2018.05.009","article-title":"Short-Term Traffic Forecasting: An Adaptive ST-KNN Model That Considers Spatial Heterogeneity","volume":"71","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2018.09.021","article-title":"The Urban Vitality Conditions of Jane Jacobs in Barcelona: Residential and Smartphone-Based Tracking Measurements of the Built Environment in a Mediterranean Metropolis","volume":"86","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2016.1220561","article-title":"Measurements of POI-Based Mixed Use and Their Relationships with Neighbourhood Vibrancy","volume":"31","author":"Yue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2013.08.001","article-title":"Comparing Measures of Urban Land Use Mix","volume":"42","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1466-822X.2003.00322.x","article-title":"Spatial Autocorrelation and Red Herrings in Geographical Ecology","volume":"12","author":"Bini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/37.1-2.17","article-title":"Notes on Continuous Stochastic Phenomena","volume":"37","author":"Moran","year":"1950","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Anselin, L. (1996). The Moran Scatterplot as an ESDA Tool to Assess Local Instability in Spatial Association. Spatial Analytical Perspectives on GIS, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"87","article-title":"Comparison of Values of Pearson\u2019s and Spearman\u2019s Correlation Coefficients on the Same Sets of Data","volume":"30","author":"Hauke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Quaest. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2019.101428","article-title":"Portraying the Spatial Dynamics of Urban Vibrancy Using Multisource Urban Big Data","volume":"80","author":"Tu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2018.01.017","article-title":"Check-in Behaviour and Spatio-Temporal Vibrancy: An Exploratory Analysis in Shenzhen, China","volume":"77","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1996.tb00936.x","article-title":"Geographically Weighted Regression: A Method for Exploring Spatial Nonstationarity","volume":"28","author":"Brunsdon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705","article-title":"A New Look at the Statistical Model Identification","volume":"19","author":"Akaike","year":"1974","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"186","article-title":"The Data Model Concept in Statistical Mapping","volume":"7","author":"Jenks","year":"1967","journal-title":"Int. Yearb. Cartogr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.2307\/143141","article-title":"A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region","volume":"46","author":"Tobler","year":"1970","journal-title":"Econ. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01699.x","article-title":"Identifying Drunkenness in the Night-Time Economy","volume":"102","author":"Perham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigue, J.-P. (2020). The Geography of Transport Systems, Routledge. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429346323"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2017.07.005","article-title":"Exploring the Impact of Residential Relocation on Modal Shift in Commute Trips: Evidence from a Quasi-Longitudinal Analysis","volume":"59","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2018.02.006","article-title":"Exploring Changes in the Spatial Distribution of the Low-to-Moderate Income Group Using Transit Smart Card Data","volume":"72","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regsciurbeco.2011.04.006","article-title":"Regional Industrial Structure and Agglomeration Economies: An Analysis of Productivity in Three Manufacturing Industries","volume":"42","author":"Drucker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reg. Sci. Urban Econ."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lan, F., Wu, Q., Zhou, T., and Da, H. (2018). Spatial Effects of Public Service Facilities Accessibility on Housing Prices: A Case Study of Xi\u2019an, China. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10124503"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1177\/1078087417702504","article-title":"Local Public Expenditure, Public Service Accessibility, and Housing Price in Shanghai, China","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urban Aff. Rev."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s10109-005-0155-6","article-title":"Multicollinearity and Correlation among Local Regression Coefficients in Geographically Weighted Regression","volume":"7","author":"Wheeler","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Syst."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"63","article-title":"Hyper-Local Geographically Weighted Regression: Extending GWR through Local Model Selection and Local Bandwidth Optimization","volume":"17","author":"Comber","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Gao, J., and Pesaresi, M. (2021). Global 1-Km Downscaled Urban Land Extent Projection and Base Year Grids by SSP Scenarios, 2000\u20132100. NASA Socioecon. Data Appl. Cent. (SEDAC)."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"849","article-title":"LandScan: A Global Population Database for Estimating Populations at Risk","volume":"66","author":"Dobson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053168017720008","DOI":"10.1177\/2053168017720008","article-title":"Twitter and Facebook Are Not Representative of the General Population: Political Attitudes and Demographics of British Social Media Users","volume":"4","author":"Mellon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Politics"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/12\/2738\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:25:42Z","timestamp":1760138742000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/12\/2738"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14122738"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14122738","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]]}}}