{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T16:08:38Z","timestamp":1776182918633,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]],"date-time":"2022-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CIRES Visiting Fellows Program","award":["NA17OAR4320101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA17OAR4320101"]}]},{"name":"CIRES Visiting Fellows Program","award":["06210-2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["06210-2018"]}]},{"name":"CIRES Visiting Fellows Program","award":["NNX17AC59A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX17AC59A"]}]},{"name":"NOAA Cooperative Agreement with CIRES","award":["NA17OAR4320101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA17OAR4320101"]}]},{"name":"NOAA Cooperative Agreement with CIRES","award":["06210-2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["06210-2018"]}]},{"name":"NOAA Cooperative Agreement with CIRES","award":["NNX17AC59A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX17AC59A"]}]},{"name":"NWT Cumulative Impact Monitoring Program","award":["NA17OAR4320101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA17OAR4320101"]}]},{"name":"NWT Cumulative Impact Monitoring Program","award":["06210-2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["06210-2018"]}]},{"name":"NWT Cumulative Impact Monitoring Program","award":["NNX17AC59A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX17AC59A"]}]},{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","award":["NA17OAR4320101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA17OAR4320101"]}]},{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","award":["06210-2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["06210-2018"]}]},{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","award":["NNX17AC59A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX17AC59A"]}]},{"name":"NASA","award":["NA17OAR4320101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA17OAR4320101"]}]},{"name":"NASA","award":["06210-2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["06210-2018"]}]},{"name":"NASA","award":["NNX17AC59A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX17AC59A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Deep learning has been used for mapping retrogressive thaw slumps and other periglacial landforms but its application is still limited to local study areas. To understand the accuracy, efficiency, and transferability of a deep learning model (i.e., DeepLabv3+) when applied to large areas or multiple regions, we conducted several experiments using training data from three different regions across the Canadian Arctic. To overcome the main challenge of transferability, we used a generative adversarial network (GAN) called CycleGAN to produce new training data in an attempt to improve transferability. The results show that (1) data augmentation can improve the accuracy of the deep learning model but does not guarantee transferability, (2) it is necessary to choose a good combination of hyper-parameters (e.g., backbones and learning rate) to achieve an optimal trade-off between accuracy and efficiency, and (3) a GAN can significantly improve the transferability if the variation between source and target is dominated by color or general texture. Our results suggest that future mapping of retrogressive thaw slumps should prioritize the collection of training data from regions where a GAN cannot improve the transferability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14122747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,12]],"date-time":"2022-06-12T23:55:24Z","timestamp":1655078124000},"page":"2747","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Accuracy, Efficiency, and Transferability of a Deep Learning Model for Mapping Retrogressive Thaw Slumps across the Canadian Arctic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3072-7334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingcao","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Science and Observation Center, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA"}]},{"given":"Trevor C.","family":"Lantz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada"}]},{"given":"Robert H.","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canada Centre for Mapping and Earth Observation, Natural Resources Canada, 560 Rochester Street, Ottawa, ON K1S 5K2, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5500-7600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristy F.","family":"Tiampo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences and Geological Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Willis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences and Geological Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Schaefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Snow and Ice Data Center, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/ppp.626","article-title":"Thawing Permafrost and Thicker Active Layers in Sub-Arctic Sweden","volume":"19","author":"Johansson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Permafr. 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