{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:35:32Z","timestamp":1760229332992,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2020R1A2C1013278","2020R1A2C1003215","2020R1A6A1A03044834","KMA2018-00224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A2C1013278","2020R1A2C1003215","2020R1A6A1A03044834","KMA2018-00224"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["2020R1A2C1013278","2020R1A2C1003215","2020R1A6A1A03044834","KMA2018-00224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A2C1013278","2020R1A2C1003215","2020R1A6A1A03044834","KMA2018-00224"]}]},{"name":"Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program","award":["2020R1A2C1013278","2020R1A2C1003215","2020R1A6A1A03044834","KMA2018-00224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A2C1013278","2020R1A2C1003215","2020R1A6A1A03044834","KMA2018-00224"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In situ aircraft measurements of the sizes and concentrations of liquid cloud droplets and ice crystals with maximum dimensions (Dmax) less than ~50 \u03bcm have been measured mainly using forward scattering probes over the past half century. The operating principle of forward scattering probes is that the measured intensity of light scattered by a cloud particle at specific forward scattering angles can be related to the size of that particle assuming the shape and thermodynamic phase of the target are known. Current forward-scattering probes assume spherical liquid cloud droplets and use the Lorenz\u2013Mie theory to convert the scattered light to particle size. Uncertainties in sizing ice crystals using forward scattering probes are unavoidable since the single-scattering properties of ice crystals differ from those of spherical liquid cloud droplets and because their shapes can vary. In this study, directional scattering intensities of four different aspect ratios (ARs = 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00) of hexagonal ice crystals with random orientations and of spherical liquid cloud droplets were calculated using the discrete dipole approximation (i.e., ADDA) and Lorenz\u2013Mie code, respectively, to quantify the errors in sizing small ice crystals and cloud droplets using current forward scattering probes and to determine the ranges of optimal scattering angles that would be used in future forward scattering probes. The calculations showed that current forward scattering probes have average 5.0% and 17.4% errors in sizing liquid cloud droplets in the forward (4\u201312\u00b0) and backward (168\u2013176\u00b0) direction, respectively. For measurements of hexagonal ice crystals, average sizing errors were 42.1% (23.9%) in the forward (backward) direction and depended on the ARs of hexagonal ice crystals, which are larger than those for liquid cloud droplets. A newly developed size conversion table based on the calculated single-scattering properties of hexagonal ice crystals using the ADDA reduced the sizing errors for the hexagonal ice crystals down to 14.2% (21.9%) in the forward (backward) direction. This study is a purely theoretical examination of the operating principle of forward scattering probes and there are several limitations, such as assumed hexagonal ice crystals with smooth surfaces and random orientations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14122795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,12]],"date-time":"2022-06-12T23:55:24Z","timestamp":1655078124000},"page":"2795","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Theoretical Calculations of Directional Scattering Intensities of Small Nonspherical Ice Crystals: Implications for Forward Scattering Probes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Seonghyeon","family":"Jang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Division of Earth Environmental System, BK21 School of Earth and Environment Systems, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea"}]},{"given":"Jeonggyu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Division of Earth Environmental System, BK21 School of Earth and Environment Systems, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea"}]},{"given":"Greg M.","family":"McFarquhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Severe and High Impact Weather Research and Operations, School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072, USA"}]},{"given":"Sungmin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Division of Earth Environmental System, BK21 School of Earth and Environment Systems, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea"}]},{"given":"Seoung Soo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA"},{"name":"Research Center for Climate Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0221-6764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang Hoon","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Management, Kyungin Women\u2019s University, Incheon 21041, Korea"}]},{"given":"Sang Seo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Korea"}]},{"given":"Joo Wan","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Applications Department, National Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Seogwipo 63568, Korea"}]},{"given":"Kyoungmi","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Applications Department, National Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Seogwipo 63568, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7886-9043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junshik","family":"Um","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Division of Earth Environmental System, BK21 School of Earth and Environment Systems, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2004)061<0514:GRAHOI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Growth rates and habits of ice crystals between \u221220 \u00b0C and \u221270 \u00b0C","volume":"61","author":"Bailey","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-3159-2011","article-title":"Dependence of the single-scattering properties of small ice crystals on idealized shape models","volume":"11","author":"Um","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2015.07.001","article-title":"Formation of atmospheric halos and applicability of geometric optics for calculating single-scattering properties of hexagonal ice crystals: Impacts of aspect ratio and ice crystal size","volume":"165","author":"Um","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1970)009<0086:TOAAAT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The optical array: An alternative to scattering or extinction for airborne particle size determination","volume":"9","author":"Knollenberg","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(01)00119-3","article-title":"The cloud, aerosol and precipitation spectrometer: A new instrument for cloud investigations","volume":"59\u201360","author":"Baumgardner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3209","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1998)055<3209:OANSOT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Observations and numerical simulations of the origin and development of very large snowflakes","volume":"55","author":"Lawson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH1927.1","article-title":"The 2DS (stereo) probe: Design and preliminary tests of a new airborne, high speed, high-resolution particle imaging probe","volume":"23","author":"Lawson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9.1","DOI":"10.1175\/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-16-0011.1","article-title":"Cloud ice properties: In situ measurement challenges","volume":"58","author":"Baumgardner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Meteor. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-17-0202.1","article-title":"Laboratory and Flight Tests of 2D Imaging Probes: Toward a Better Understanding of Instrument Performance and the Impact on Archived Data","volume":"35","author":"Gurganus","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wendisch, M., and Brenguier, J.-L. (2013). Airborne Measurements for Environmental Research: Methods and Instruments, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527653218"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11.1","DOI":"10.1175\/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-16-0007.1","article-title":"Processing of Ice Cloud In Situ Data Collected by Bulk Water, Scattering, and Imaging Probes: Fundamentals, Uncertainties, and Efforts toward Consistency","volume":"58","author":"McFarquhar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Meteor. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3645","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-3645-2018","article-title":"Laboratory and in-flight evaluation of measurement uncertainties from a commercial Cloud Droplet Probe (CDP)","volume":"11","author":"Faber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1981)020<1049:COKFLS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Calibration of Knollenberg FSSP Light-Scattering Counters for Measurement of Cloud Droplets","volume":"20","author":"Pinnick","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1984)001<0329:EOTFSS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Evaluation of the forward scattering spectrometer probe. Part I: Electronic and optical studies","volume":"1","author":"Dye","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-5-2237-2012","article-title":"Evaluating the capabilities and uncertainties of droplet measurements for the fog droplet spectrometer (FM-100)","volume":"5","author":"Spiegel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7467","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-7467-2019","article-title":"Supercooled liquid fogs over the central Greenland Ice Sheet","volume":"19","author":"Cox","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"75","article-title":"Calculations of Optical Properties of Cloud Particles to Improve the Accuracy of Forward Scattering Probes for In-Situ Aircraft Cloud Measurements","volume":"30","author":"Um","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-3-1683-2010","article-title":"Water droplet calibration of the cloud droplet probe (CDP) and in-flight performance in liquid, ice and mixed-phase clouds during ARCPAC","volume":"3","author":"Lance","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1991)008<0166:UORPAR>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Use of Rotating Pinholes and Reticles for Calibration of Cloud Droplet Instrumentation","volume":"8","author":"Hovenac","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-5-1147-2012","article-title":"Particle sizing calibration with refractive index correction for light scattering optical particle counters and impacts upon PCASP and CDP data collected during the Fennec campaign","volume":"5","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Mishchenko, M.I., Travis, L.D., and Lacis, A.A. (2002). Scattering, Absorption, and Emission of Light by Small Particles, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1985)002<0626:EOTFSS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Evaluation of the Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe. Part II: Corrections for Coincidence and Dead-Time Losses","volume":"2","author":"Baumgardner","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1988)005<0823:EOCOMW>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Effects of Coincidence on Measurements with a Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe","volume":"5","author":"Cooper","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2002)019<1516:CBSAMF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Comparison between Standard and Modified Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probes during the Small Cumulus Microphysics Study","volume":"19","author":"Burnet","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JTECHA1282.1","article-title":"The Ability of the Small Ice Detector (SID-2) to Characterize Cloud Particle and Aerosol Morphologies Obtained during Flights of the FAAM BAe-146 Research Aircraft","volume":"27","author":"Cotton","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-11-00208.1","article-title":"Coincidence Errors in a Cloud Droplet Probe (CDP) and a Cloud and Aerosol Spectrometer (CAS), and the Improved Performance of a Modified CDP","volume":"29","author":"Lance","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-13-00079.1","article-title":"Difficulties in Early Ice Detection with the Small Ice Detector-2 HIAPER (SID-2H) in Maritime Cumuli","volume":"31","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1985)002<0171:DOICFS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Degradation of In-Cloud Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe Measurements in the Presence of Ice Particles","volume":"2","author":"Gardiner","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2003)020<0249:IPITMW>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Ice Particle Interarrival Times Measured with a Fast FSSP","volume":"20","author":"Field","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L23812","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL030951","article-title":"On measurements of small ice particles in clouds","volume":"34","author":"Heymsfield","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L13803","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL029865","article-title":"Importance of small ice crystals to cirrus properties: Observations from the Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE)","volume":"34","author":"McFarquhar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JTECHA1191.1","article-title":"The Effects of Precipitation on Cloud Droplet Measurement Devices","volume":"26","author":"Baker","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1175\/2010BAMS3141.1","article-title":"Small Ice Particles in Tropospheric Clouds: Fact or Artifact? Airborne Icing Instrumentation Evaluation Experiment","volume":"92","author":"Korolev","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-13-00115.1","article-title":"Quantification of the Effects of Shattering on Airborne Ice Particle Measurements","volume":"30","author":"Korolev","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1990)007<0666:EOTFSS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Evaluation of the Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe, Part III: Time Response and Laser Imhomogeneity Limitations","volume":"7","author":"Baumgardner","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1994)011<1409:ARADOP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A Review and Discussion of Processing Algorithms for FSSP Concentration Measurement","volume":"11","author":"Brenguier","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1998)015<1077:IODSDM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Improvements of Droplet Size Distribution Measurements with the Fast-FSSP (Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe)","volume":"15","author":"Brenguier","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH2006.1","article-title":"Advancements in Techniques for Calibration and Characterization of In Situ Optical Particle Measuring Probes, and Applications to the FSSP-100 Probe","volume":"24","author":"Nagel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Knollenberg, R.G. (1976). Three New Instruments for Cloud Physics Measurements: The 2-D Spectrometer Probe, the Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe, and the Active Scattering Aerosol Spectrometer, American Meteorological Society. Preprints."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Hobbs, P.V., and Deepak, A. (1981). Techniques for probing cloud microstructure. Clouds, Their Formation, Optical Properties and Effects, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-1345-2013","article-title":"A new method for measuring optical scattering properties of atmospherically relevant dusts using the Cloud and Aerosol Spectrometer with Polarization (CASPOL)","volume":"13","author":"Glen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2013.12.010","article-title":"The Cloud Particle Spectrometer with Polarization Detection (CPSPD): A next generation open-path cloud probe for distinguishing liquid cloud droplets from ice crystals","volume":"142","author":"Baumgardner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vali, G., Politovich, M.K., Baumgardner, D., and Cooper, W.A. (1979). Conduct of Cloud Spectra Measurements Scientific Report 1 to the Air Force Geophysical Laboratory, National Technical Information Service. ADA081127.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA081127"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vali, G., Politovich, M.K., and Baumgardner, D. (1981). Conduct of Cloud Spectra Measurements, Final Report to Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, National Technical Information Service. ADA102944.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA102944"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4073(96)00002-7","article-title":"T-matrix computations of light scattering by nonspherical particles: A review","volume":"55","author":"Mishchenko","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(99)00563-7","article-title":"Application of the T-matrix method to the measurement of aspherical (ellipsoidal) particles with forward scattering optical particle counters","volume":"31","author":"Borrmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Meyer, J. (2012). Ice Crystal Measurements with the New Particle Spectrometer NIXE-CAPS, Institute for Energy and Climate Research. Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10465","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-10465-2012","article-title":"Influence of particle size and shape on the backscattering linear depolarization ratio of small ice crystals\u2014Cloud chamber measurements in the context of contrail and cirrus microphysics","volume":"12","author":"Schnaiter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(00)00377-0","article-title":"Discrimination of micrometre-sized ice and super-cooled droplets in mixed-phase cloud","volume":"35","author":"Hirst","year":"2001","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.33.001545","article-title":"Classifying atmospheric ice crystals by spatial light scattering","volume":"33","author":"Kaye","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3895","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-3895-2020","article-title":"Small ice particles at slightly supercooled temperatures in tropical maritime convection","volume":"20","author":"Lloyd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10049","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD030122","article-title":"A review of ice particle shapes in cirrus formed in situ and anvils","volume":"124","author":"Lawson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-4-2125-2011","article-title":"First correlated measurements of the shape and light scattering properties of cloud particles using the new Particle Habit Imaging and Polar Scattering (PHIPS) probe","volume":"4","author":"Abdelmonem","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-8095(94)90001-9","article-title":"New microphysics sensor for aircraft use","volume":"31","author":"Gerber","year":"1994","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-13-00228.1","article-title":"Response of FSSP-100 and PVM-100A to Small Ice Crystals","volume":"31","author":"Gerber","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Bohren, C.F., and Huffman, D.R. (1983). Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(79)90136-8","article-title":"Response characteristics of Knollenberg light-scattering aerosol counters","volume":"10","author":"Pinnick","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-011-0270-x","article-title":"The relation between humidity and liquid water content in fog: An experimental approach","volume":"169","author":"Gonser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-12-0114.1","article-title":"Small Cloud Particle Shapes in Mixed-Phase Clouds","volume":"52","author":"McFarquhar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31763","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900802","article-title":"Use of observed ice crystal sizes and shapes to calculate mean scattering properties and multi-spectral radiances: CEPEX April 4, 1993 case study","volume":"104","author":"McFarquhar","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2002)059<2458:ANPOSS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A New Parameterization of Single Scattering Solar Radiative Properties for Tropical Anvils Using Observed Ice Crystal Size and Shape Distributions","volume":"59","author":"McFarquhar","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4073(02)00347-3","article-title":"Single-scattering properties of droxtals","volume":"79\u201380","author":"Yang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2004)061<2229:LSBQIC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Light Scattering by Quasi-Spherical Ice Crystals","volume":"61","author":"Nousiainen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2680","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01315a102","article-title":"The structure and entropy of ice and of other crystals with some randomness of atomic arrangement","volume":"57","author":"Pauling","year":"1935","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-1973-2014","article-title":"Ice particles in the upper anvil re- gions of midlatitude continental thunderstorms: The case for frozen-drop aggregates","volume":"14","author":"Stith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16915","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-16915-2018","article-title":"Microphysical characteristics of frozen droplet aggregates from deep convective clouds","volume":"18","author":"Um","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7171","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-7171-2021","article-title":"Captured cirrus ice particles in high definition","volume":"21","author":"Magee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3885","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS-D-15-0365.1","article-title":"Quasi-Spherical Ice in Convective Clouds","volume":"73","author":"Schnaiter","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3933","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-3933-2015","article-title":"Dimensions and aspect ratios of natural ice crystals","volume":"15","author":"Um","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D14220","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD009744","article-title":"Optical constants of ice from the ultraviolet to the microwave: A revised compilation","volume":"113","author":"Warren","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2011.01.031","article-title":"The discrete-dipole-approximation code ADDA: Capabilities and known limitations","volume":"112","author":"Yurkin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2014.01.013","article-title":"Accurate simulation of the optical properties of atmospheric ice crystals with the invariant imbedding T-matrix method","volume":"138","author":"Bi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2008.01.002","article-title":"Efficient numerical orientation averaging of light scattering properties with a quasi-montecarlo method","volume":"109","author":"Okada","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2013.05.020","article-title":"Optimal numerical methods for determining the orientation averages of single-scattering properties of atmospheric ice crystals","volume":"127","author":"Um","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JD034482","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JD034482","article-title":"Characterizing the occurrence and spatial heterogeneity of liquid, ice, and mixed phase low-level clouds over the Southern Ocean using in situ observations acquired during SOCRATES","volume":"126","author":"McFarquhar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7079","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-14-7079-2021","article-title":"The University of Washington Ice\u2013Liquid Discriminator (UWILD) improves single-particle phase classifications of hydrometeors within Southern Ocean clouds using machine learning","volume":"14","author":"Atlas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2005.11.052","article-title":"Light scattering by complex ice analogue crystal","volume":"100","author":"Ulanowski","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectro. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2010.09.003","article-title":"Light scattering by large Saharan dust particles: Comparison of modeling and experimental data for two samples","volume":"112","author":"Nousiainen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectro. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019MS001689","DOI":"10.1029\/2019MS001689","article-title":"Confronting the challenge of modeling cloud and precipitation microphysics","volume":"12","author":"Morrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/12\/2795\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:27:51Z","timestamp":1760138871000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/12\/2795"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14122795"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14122795","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]]}}}