{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T04:51:30Z","timestamp":1781326290957,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000287","name":"Royal Academy of Engineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FF\\1920\\1\\37"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF\\1920\\1\\37"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000287","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000287","name":"Royal Academy of Engineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4000132548\/20\/NL\/MH\/hm"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000132548\/20\/NL\/MH\/hm"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000287","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Space Agency","award":["FF\\1920\\1\\37"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF\\1920\\1\\37"]}]},{"name":"European Space Agency","award":["4000132548\/20\/NL\/MH\/hm"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000132548\/20\/NL\/MH\/hm"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Water hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes, also known as Eichhornia crassipes) is a highly invasive aquatic macrophyte species, indigenous to Amazonia, Brazil and tropical South America. It was introduced to India in 1896 and has now become an environmental and social challenge throughout the country in community ponds, freshwater lakes, irrigation channels, rivers and most other surface waterbodies. Considering its large speed of propagation on the water surface under conducive conditions and the adverse impact the infesting weed has, constant monitoring is needed to aid civic bodies, governments and policy makers involved in remedial measures. The synoptic coverage provided by satellite imaging and other remote sensing practices make it convenient to find a solution using this type of data. While there is an established background for the practice of remote sensing in the detection of aquatic plants, the use of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) has yet to be fully exploited in the detection of water hyacinth. This research focusses on detecting water hyacinth within Vembanad Lake, Kuttanad, India. Here, results show that the monitoring of water hyacinth has proven to be possible using Sentinel-1 SAR data. A quantitative analysis of detection performance is presented using traditional and state-of-the-art change detectors. Analysis of these more powerful detectors showed true positive detection ratings of ~95% with 0.1% false alarm, showing significantly greater positive detection ratings when compared to the more traditional detectors. We are therefore confident that water hyacinth can be monitored using SAR data provided the extent of the infestation is significantly larger than the resolution cell (bigger than a quarter of a hectare).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14122845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T01:39:54Z","timestamp":1655257194000},"page":"2845","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Detecting Water Hyacinth Infestation in Kuttanad, India, Using Dual-Pol Sentinel-1 SAR Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3004-4517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morgan David","family":"Simpson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vahid","family":"Akbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing Science and Mathematics, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armando","family":"Marino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3700-2168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G. Nagendra","family":"Prabhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research on Aquatic Resources, Sanatana Dharma College, University of Kerala, Alleppey 688011, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1762-1578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepayan","family":"Bhowmik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing Science and Mathematics, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9142-0876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Srikanth","family":"Rupavatharam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad 500007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aviraj","family":"Datta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad 500007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Kleczkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Alice R. P.","family":"Sujeetha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Plant Health Management, Hyderabad 500030, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Girish Gunjotikar","family":"Anantrao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Plant Health Management, Hyderabad 500030, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7754-2068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vidhu Kampurath","family":"Poduvattil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Plant Health Management, Hyderabad 500030, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saurav","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh 160030, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0674-6044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Savitri","family":"Maharaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing Science and Mathematics, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter D.","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"18.1","article-title":"Long term perspectives on indland water transport in India","volume":"12","author":"Sriraman","year":"2010","journal-title":"RITES J."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Sabitha, N.M., Sreedevi, B.G., and Kumar, V.S. 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