{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T20:26:16Z","timestamp":1770236776819,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42174157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42174157"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42004093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004093"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["JKY202216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JKY202216"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["5600B2021000004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5600B2021000004"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["ZY20-XA202-TPGC272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZY20-XA202-TPGC272"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["SMDZ(KY)-2020-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SMDZ(KY)-2020-004"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["XNS-KYY-JS2021-014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XNS-KYY-JS2021-014"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["33550007-20-ZC0613-0088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["33550007-20-ZC0613-0088"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["DD20211343"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DD20211343"]}]},{"name":"CAGS Research Fund","award":["42174157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42174157"]}]},{"name":"CAGS Research Fund","award":["42004093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004093"]}]},{"name":"CAGS Research Fund","award":["JKY202216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JKY202216"]}]},{"name":"CAGS Research Fund","award":["5600B2021000004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5600B2021000004"]}]},{"name":"CAGS Research Fund","award":["ZY20-XA202-TPGC272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZY20-XA202-TPGC272"]}]},{"name":"CAGS Research Fund","award":["SMDZ(KY)-2020-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SMDZ(KY)-2020-004"]}]},{"name":"CAGS Research Fund","award":["XNS-KYY-JS2021-014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XNS-KYY-JS2021-014"]}]},{"name":"CAGS Research Fund","award":["33550007-20-ZC0613-0088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["33550007-20-ZC0613-0088"]}]},{"name":"CAGS Research Fund","award":["DD20211343"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DD20211343"]}]},{"name":"Enterprise Cooperative Development Project","award":["42174157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42174157"]}]},{"name":"Enterprise Cooperative Development Project","award":["42004093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004093"]}]},{"name":"Enterprise Cooperative Development Project","award":["JKY202216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JKY202216"]}]},{"name":"Enterprise Cooperative Development Project","award":["5600B2021000004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5600B2021000004"]}]},{"name":"Enterprise Cooperative Development Project","award":["ZY20-XA202-TPGC272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZY20-XA202-TPGC272"]}]},{"name":"Enterprise Cooperative Development Project","award":["SMDZ(KY)-2020-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SMDZ(KY)-2020-004"]}]},{"name":"Enterprise Cooperative Development Project","award":["XNS-KYY-JS2021-014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XNS-KYY-JS2021-014"]}]},{"name":"Enterprise Cooperative Development Project","award":["33550007-20-ZC0613-0088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["33550007-20-ZC0613-0088"]}]},{"name":"Enterprise Cooperative Development Project","award":["DD20211343"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DD20211343"]}]},{"name":"China Geological Survey Project","award":["42174157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42174157"]}]},{"name":"China Geological Survey Project","award":["42004093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004093"]}]},{"name":"China Geological Survey Project","award":["JKY202216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JKY202216"]}]},{"name":"China Geological Survey Project","award":["5600B2021000004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5600B2021000004"]}]},{"name":"China Geological Survey Project","award":["ZY20-XA202-TPGC272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZY20-XA202-TPGC272"]}]},{"name":"China Geological Survey Project","award":["SMDZ(KY)-2020-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SMDZ(KY)-2020-004"]}]},{"name":"China Geological Survey Project","award":["XNS-KYY-JS2021-014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XNS-KYY-JS2021-014"]}]},{"name":"China Geological Survey Project","award":["33550007-20-ZC0613-0088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["33550007-20-ZC0613-0088"]}]},{"name":"China Geological Survey Project","award":["DD20211343"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DD20211343"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fault structures developed in coal seams, which are often associated with roof collapse, water inrush, gas outburst, and other accidents, are common geological hazards in coal exploration and development. The accurate detection of micro-structures such as small faults has always been a research focus to ensure safety in coalfields. Three-dimensional (3D) seismic research is one of the most efficient methods for obtaining the structural characteristics of coal areas and identify small faults in coal seams, but it is difficult for traditional seismic data imaging technologies to meet the high-precision demand of current coal exploration. Aiming at the characteristics of 3D seismic data in coalfields, we calculated the difference coefficients based on the optimized inversion algorithm and proposed a variable-density acoustic equation optimized with a temporal\u2013spatial staggered-grid finite difference forward algorithm. On this basis, by combining normalized cross-correlation imaging conditions and GPU\/CPU collaborative parallel processing technology, we developed an efficient and high-precision 3D reverse time migration method suitable for 3D seismic data in coalfields. Numerical tests verified the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed migration method for the imaging of coal-measure strata with small fault structures and could effectively identify 5 m small faults in the coal seam. The migration test of 3D seismic data in real coalfields showed that our 3D reverse time migration method has good practicability for high-precision imaging of 3D seismic data in coalfields and is an effective method for the precise imaging of small faults in coal measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14122850","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T01:39:54Z","timestamp":1655257194000},"page":"2850","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["High-Precision Depth Domain Migration Method in Imaging of 3D Seismic Data in Coalfield"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jianguang","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9597-9148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bingluo","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geoscience, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China"}]},{"given":"Guanghui","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Tan Chuang Resources Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100067, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3438-771X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"629","article-title":"A normal fault in coal seams with drop height less than 3 m can be identified in seismic exploration","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. China Coal Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1071\/EG989137","article-title":"The application of the 3D seismic surveying technique to coal seam imaging: Case histories from the Arckaringa and Sydney basins","volume":"20","author":"Lambourne","year":"1989","journal-title":"Explor. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1071\/EG00509","article-title":"Imaging coal seam structure using 3-D seismic methods","volume":"31","author":"Walton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Explor. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-020-05599-x","article-title":"Signal acquisition method for 3D seismic exploration in high density coal mining area","volume":"13","author":"Pei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055008","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-2132\/10\/5\/055008","article-title":"Multi-component Gaussian beam prestack depth migration","volume":"10","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S89","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2018-0841.1","article-title":"2D anisotropic multicomponent Gaussian-beam migration under complex surface conditions","volume":"85","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2020-0028.1","article-title":"Least-squares inversion-based elastic reverse time migration with PP- and PS-angle-domain common-imaging gathers","volume":"86","author":"Gu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"194","article-title":"Application of pre-stack depth migration technique in salt bed","volume":"33","author":"Hu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Petrol. Explor. Dev."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"268","article-title":"A method of Fourier finite-difference preserved-amplitude prestack depth migration","volume":"50","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s12182-015-0044-7","article-title":"An amplitude-preserved adaptive focused beam seismic migration method","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Petrol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S523","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2018-0720.1","article-title":"2D least-squares elastic reverse time migration of multicomponent seismic data","volume":"84","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1442041","article-title":"Reverse-time migration of offset vertical seismic profiling data using the excitation-time imaging condition","volume":"51","author":"Chang","year":"1986","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"SM213","DOI":"10.1190\/1.2742686","article-title":"Reverse time migration with optimal checkpointing","volume":"72","author":"Symes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S141","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2013-0405.1","article-title":"Reverse time migration from topography","volume":"79","author":"Shragge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2012-0079.1","article-title":"Excitation amplitude imaging condition for prestack reverse-time migration","volume":"78","author":"Nguyen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2014-0014.1","article-title":"Five ways to avoid storing source wavefield snapshots in 2D elastic prestack reverse time migration","volume":"80","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2016.04.001","article-title":"Eliminating the redundant source effects from the cross-correlation reverse-time migration using a modified stabilized division","volume":"92","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2013.05.009","article-title":"3D seismic reverse time migration on GPGPU","volume":"59","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S174","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2013-0253.1","article-title":"3D PS-wave imaging with elastic reverse-time migration","volume":"79","author":"Du","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S261","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2017-0466.1","article-title":"3D acoustic least-squares reverse time migration using the energy norm","volume":"83","author":"Rocha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2019.07.001","article-title":"An application of vector wavefield decomposition to 3D elastic reverse time migration and field data test","volume":"131","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2020-0580.1","article-title":"Memory-efficient source wavefield reconstruction and its application to 3D reverse time migration","volume":"87","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1442249","article-title":"Elastic reverse-time migration","volume":"52","author":"Chang","year":"1987","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S229","DOI":"10.1190\/1.2981241","article-title":"Isotropic angle-domain elastic reverse-time migration","volume":"73","author":"Yan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2011-0348.1","article-title":"Polarity reversal correction for elastic reverse time migration","volume":"77","author":"Du","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S111","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2016-0146.1","article-title":"Vector-based elastic reverse time migration based on scalar imaging condition","volume":"82","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-2132\/13\/6\/953","article-title":"Elastic wave reverse-time migration based on decoupled elastic-wave equations and inner-product imaging condition","volume":"13","author":"Yong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggw443","article-title":"Least-squares reverse time migration in elastic media","volume":"208","author":"Ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2478.12849","article-title":"Imaging of elastic seismic data by least-squares reverse time migration with weighted L2-norm multiplicative and modified total-variation regularizations","volume":"68","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1190\/1.3294572","article-title":"Couple equations for reverse time migration in transversely isotropic media","volume":"75","author":"Fowler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2017.02.011","article-title":"A practical implementation of 3D TTI reverse time migration with multi-GPUs","volume":"102","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggz085","article-title":"Elastic wavefield separation in anisotropic media based on eigenform analysis and its application in reverse-time migration","volume":"217","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S539","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2018-0887.1","article-title":"Elastic least-squares reverse time migration in vertical transverse isotropic media","volume":"84","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S279","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2017-0131.1","article-title":"A wavefield-separation-based elastic least-squares reverse time migration","volume":"83","author":"Gu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1442147","article-title":"P-SV wave propagation in heterogeneous media: Velocity-stress finite difference method","volume":"51","author":"Virieux","year":"1986","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0860041091","article-title":"Simulating seismic wave progation in 3D elastic media using staggered-grid finite difference","volume":"86","author":"Graves","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"84","article-title":"A stable finite difference method for the elastic wave equation on complex geometries with free surfaces","volume":"5","author":"Petersson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Commun. Comput. Phys."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1785\/0120170068","article-title":"Modeling of the acoustic wave equation by staggered-grid finite-difference schemes with high-order temporal and spatial accuracy","volume":"107","author":"Ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggz059","article-title":"High-order temporal and implicit spatial staggered-grid finite-difference operators for modelling seismic wave propagation","volume":"217","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/12\/2850\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:31:32Z","timestamp":1760139092000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/12\/2850"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14122850"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14122850","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]}}}