{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T14:51:23Z","timestamp":1775141483369,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Helsinki","award":["7820148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7820148"]}]},{"name":"University of Helsinki","award":["78004041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["78004041"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007797","name":"public-private partnership grant established for the professorship of forest operation and logistics at the University of Helsinki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7820148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7820148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007797","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007797","name":"public-private partnership grant established for the professorship of forest operation and logistics at the University of Helsinki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["78004041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["78004041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007797","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007797","name":"proof-of-concept-grant by the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7820148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7820148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007797","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007797","name":"proof-of-concept-grant by the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["78004041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["78004041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007797","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate positioning is one of the main components and challenges for precision forestry. This study was established to test the feasibility of a low-cost GNSS receiver, u-blox ZED-F9P, in movable RTK mode with features that determine its positioning accuracy following logging trails in the forest environment. The accuracy of the low-cost receiver was controlled via a geodetic-grade receiver and high-density LiDAR data. The features of nearby logging trails were extracted from the LiDAR data in three main categories: tree characteristics; ground-surface conditions; and crown-surface conditions. An object-based TreeNet approach was used to explore the influential features of the receiver\u2019s positioning accuracy. The results of the TreeNet model indicated that tree height, ground elevation, aspect, canopy-surface elevation, and tree density were the top influencing features. The partial dependence plots showed that tree height above 14 m, ground elevation above 134 m, western direction, canopy-surface elevation above 138 m, and tree density above 30% significantly increased positioning errors by the low-cost receiver over southern Finland. Overall, the low-cost receiver showed high performance in acquiring reliable and consistent positions, when integrated with LiDAR data. The system has a strong potential for navigating machinery in the pathway of precision harvesting in commercial forests.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14122856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]],"date-time":"2022-06-16T03:01:22Z","timestamp":1655348482000},"page":"2856","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Evaluation of Forest Features Determining GNSS Positioning Accuracy of a Novel Low-Cost, Mobile RTK System Using LiDAR and TreeNet"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8048-8792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omid","family":"Abdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Jori","family":"Uusitalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Pietarinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Koetilantie 5, 00790 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2175-7833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antti","family":"Lajunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Koetilantie 5, 00790 Helsinki, Finland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14690","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2965741","article-title":"Experimental Testbed and Methodology for the Assessment of RTK GNSS Receivers Used in Precision Agriculture","volume":"8","author":"Pini","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kade\u0159\u00e1bek, J., Shapoval, V., Mat\u011bjka, P., Kroul\u00edk, M., and Kumh\u00e1la, F. 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