{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T05:01:29Z","timestamp":1780117289945,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["42074184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074184"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["41727804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41727804"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["41674183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41674183"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["42104151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104151"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["41974184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41974184"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["2021CFB134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021CFB134"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["2042021kf0023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2042021kf0023"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of Hubei Provincial Natural","award":["42074184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074184"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of Hubei Provincial Natural","award":["41727804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41727804"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of Hubei Provincial Natural","award":["41674183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41674183"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of Hubei Provincial Natural","award":["42104151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104151"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of Hubei Provincial Natural","award":["41974184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41974184"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of Hubei Provincial Natural","award":["2021CFB134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021CFB134"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of Hubei Provincial Natural","award":["2042021kf0023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2042021kf0023"]}]},{"name":"Special Fund for Fundamental Scientific Research Expenses of Central Universities","award":["42074184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074184"]}]},{"name":"Special Fund for Fundamental Scientific Research Expenses of Central Universities","award":["41727804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41727804"]}]},{"name":"Special Fund for Fundamental Scientific Research Expenses of Central Universities","award":["41674183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41674183"]}]},{"name":"Special Fund for Fundamental Scientific Research Expenses of Central Universities","award":["42104151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104151"]}]},{"name":"Special Fund for Fundamental Scientific Research Expenses of Central Universities","award":["41974184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41974184"]}]},{"name":"Special Fund for Fundamental Scientific Research Expenses of Central Universities","award":["2021CFB134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021CFB134"]}]},{"name":"Special Fund for Fundamental Scientific Research Expenses of Central Universities","award":["2042021kf0023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2042021kf0023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The lower atmosphere forcing plays an important role in forming the sporadic E (Es) layer in the ionosphere. In this study, a comparative study of the Es layer recorded by ionosondes at the middle latitude regions was carried out between the plateau and plain regions in China. The two ionosonde stations (Zhangye, 39.21\u00b0N, 100.54\u00b0E and Beijing, 40.25\u00b0N, 116.25\u00b0E) are located at the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau and North China Plain, respectively. The data during the year 2018 were used to reveal the characteristics of the Es layer. The occurrence probability, the critical frequency (foEs) and the base virtual height (h\u2019Es) were considered in this study. Results show that: (1) The diurnal and seasonal variations of the occurrence probability between these two regions are similar. The maximum occurrence probability is at noontime and in the summer season. However, the Es at Zhangye occurred more frequently than Beijing at nighttime and in winter to early spring. (2) Similar to previous studies, the maximum value of foEs at Beijing mainly occurred in summer. Interestingly, the maximum value is in winter at Zhangye station. (3) The characteristics of the anomaly of the Es layer at Zhangye are mostly consistent with the characteristics of atmospheric gravity waves in the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau. Therefore, compared with observations at Beijing, the anomalies of the Es layer at Zhangye (at night and in winter to spring) might be attributed to gravity waves in the lower atmosphere over the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14122871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]],"date-time":"2022-06-16T03:01:22Z","timestamp":1655348482000},"page":"2871","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Comparative Study of the Es Layer between the Plateau and Plain Regions in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wenxuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2834-1598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunhua","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9758-9197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lehui","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiong","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wengeng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tongxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guobin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2692-9451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"},{"name":"Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1007\/s00585-996-1060-0","article-title":"Study of sporadic-E clouds by backscatter radar","volume":"14","author":"Houminer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. 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