{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T23:53:08Z","timestamp":1783122788238,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,18]],"date-time":"2022-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon H2020 research and innovation European Joint Programme Cofund on Agricultural Soil Management","award":["862695"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["862695"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon H2020 research and innovation European Joint Programme Cofund on Agricultural Soil Management","award":["200769\/id5126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200769\/id5126"]}]},{"name":"European Space Agency","award":["862695"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["862695"]}]},{"name":"European Space Agency","award":["200769\/id5126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200769\/id5126"]}]},{"name":"CNES, France","award":["862695"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["862695"]}]},{"name":"CNES, France","award":["200769\/id5126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200769\/id5126"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is a need to update soil maps and monitor soil organic carbon (SOC) in the upper horizons or plough layer for enabling decision support and land management, while complying with several policies, especially those favoring soil carbon storage. This review paper is dedicated to the satellite-based spectral approaches for SOC assessment that have been achieved from several satellite sensors, study scales and geographical contexts in the past decade. Most approaches relying on pure spectral models have been carried out since 2019 and have dealt with temperate croplands in Europe, China and North America at the scale of small regions, of some hundreds of km2: dry combustion and wet oxidation were the analytical determination methods used for 50% and 35% of the satellite-derived SOC studies, for which measured topsoil SOC contents mainly referred to mineral soils, typically cambisols and luvisols and to a lesser extent, regosols, leptosols, stagnosols and chernozems, with annual cropping systems with a SOC value of ~15 g\u00b7kg\u22121 and a range of 30 g\u00b7kg\u22121 in median. Most satellite-derived SOC spectral prediction models used limited preprocessing and were based on bare soil pixel retrieval after Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) thresholding. About one third of these models used partial least squares regression (PLSR), while another third used random forest (RF), and the remaining included machine learning methods such as support vector machine (SVM). We did not find any studies either on deep learning methods or on all-performance evaluations and uncertainty analysis of spatial model predictions. Nevertheless, the literature examined here identifies satellite-based spectral information, especially derived under bare soil conditions, as an interesting approach that deserves further investigations. Future research includes considering the simultaneous analysis of imagery acquired at several dates i.e., temporal mosaicking, testing the influence of possible disturbing factors and mitigating their effects fusing mixed models incorporating non-spectral ancillary information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14122917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,19]],"date-time":"2022-06-19T21:19:26Z","timestamp":1655673566000},"page":"2917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Satellite Imagery to Map Topsoil Organic Carbon Content over Cultivated Areas: An Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4703-3702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuelle","family":"Vaudour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR EcoSys, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4419-5463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asa","family":"Gholizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Castaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Giovanni Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1627-4957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammadmehdi","family":"Saberioon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ILVO, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Technology and Food Science-Agricultural Engineering, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5317-0933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lubo\u0161","family":"Bor\u016fvka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4327-906X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Urbina-Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR EcoSys, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France"},{"name":"INRAE, InfoSol, 45075 Orl\u00e9ans, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3344-7928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youssef","family":"Fouad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR SAS, Institut Agro, INRAE, F-35000 Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6878-6498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominique","family":"Arrouays","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRAE, InfoSol, 45075 Orl\u00e9ans, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3170-4014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne C.","family":"Richer-de-Forges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRAE, InfoSol, 45075 Orl\u00e9ans, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4735-9868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Biney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"The Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Department of Landscape Ecology, Lidick\u00e1 25\/27, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2821-2999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna","family":"Wetterlind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish, University of Agricultural Sciences, 53223 Skara, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4007-0241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bas","family":"Van Wesemael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georges Lema\u00eetre Centre for Earth and Climate Research, Earth and Life Institute, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tziolas, N., Tsakiridis, N., Chabrillat, S., Dematt\u00ea, J.A.M., Ben-Dor, E., Gholizadeh, A., Zalidis, G., and van Wesemael, B. 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