{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T18:21:26Z","timestamp":1767982886731,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,18]],"date-time":"2022-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang","award":["LH2021F010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LH2021F010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Theoretically, the spectral efficiency of in-band full-duplex underwater acoustic communications (IBFD-UWAC) is twice that of a half-duplex one. However, the actual achievable spectral efficiency of IBFD-UWAC is determined by the performance of the self-interference cancellation (SIC). In addition, the hostile underwater environment poses a challenge to the tracking performance of the SIC due to its complexity and variability. In this paper, we propose a digital SIC method based on the improved variable step-size least mean square (IVSS-LMS) algorithm where we modify the step-size adjustment criterion in the classical LMS filter and establishes a nonlinear relationship with the Sigmoid function to control the step-size using the instantaneous state error, thus improving the robustness and tracking performance of IVSS-LMS. Hardware-in-loop simulation (HLS) based on Simulink\u00ae platform verifies the real-time implementability and effectiveness of the proposed IVSS-LMS algorithm. Furthermore, the sea trial results show that the digital SIC method based on the proposed algorithm can be implemented in real-time and the convergence speed, and steady-state performance are significantly improved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14122924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,19]],"date-time":"2022-06-19T21:19:26Z","timestamp":1655673566000},"page":"2924","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Real-Time Digital Self Interference Cancellation Method for In-Band Full-Duplex Underwater Acoustic Communication Based on Improved VSS-LMS Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6363-8106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinheng","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security, Harbin Engineering University, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security, Harbin Engineering University, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Chenlu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security, Harbin Engineering University, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Yunjiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yichang Testing Technique Research Institute, Yichang 443003, China"}]},{"given":"Guang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security, Harbin Engineering University, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Huizhe","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security, Harbin Engineering University, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2009.4752682","article-title":"Underwater acoustic communication channels: Propagation models and statistical characterization","volume":"47","author":"Stojanovic","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19980022","article-title":"Division-free duplex for wireless applications","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1189","article-title":"System-level analysis of phase noise in full-duplex wireless transceivers","volume":"65","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"192","article-title":"Digital self-interference cancellation for full-duplex underwater acoustic systems","volume":"67","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1278","article-title":"Impact of the amount of RF self-interference cancellation on digital self-interference cancellation in full duplex communications","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Electron. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1145\/2534169.2486033","article-title":"Full duplex radios","volume":"43","author":"Bharadia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Commun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6736751","article-title":"Applications of self-interference cancellation in 5G and beyond","volume":"52","author":"Hong","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5263","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2017.2752167","article-title":"A full-duplex transceiver with two-stage analog cancellations for multipath self-interference","volume":"65","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2017.2652444","article-title":"Digitally assisted analog interference cancellation for in-band full-duplex radios","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6467","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3074628","article-title":"ALMS loop analyses with higher-order statistics and strategies for joint analog and digital self-interference cancellation","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4794","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2014.2341569","article-title":"An investigation into baseband techniques for single-channel fullduplex wireless communication systems","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62324","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2875916","article-title":"Self-interference channel estimation algorithm based on maximum-likelihood estimator in in-band fullduplex underwater acoustic communication system","volume":"6","author":"Qiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vermeulen, T., van Liempd, B., Hershberg, B., and Pollin, S. (October, January 28). Real-time RF self-interference cancellation for in-band full duplex. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN), Stockholm, Sweden.","DOI":"10.1109\/DySPAN.2015.7343915"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1109\/78.143435","article-title":"A variable step size LMS algorithm","volume":"40","author":"Kwong","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1109\/78.558478","article-title":"A robust variable step-size LMS-type algorithm: Analysis and simulations","volume":"45","author":"Aboulnasr","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1109\/78.747793","article-title":"A novel kurtosis driven variable step-size adaptive algorithm","volume":"47","author":"Pazaitis","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2006.876323","article-title":"A nonparametric VSS NLMS algorithm","volume":"13","author":"Benesty","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2008.07.013","article-title":"Variable step-size LMS algorithm with a quotient form","volume":"89","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Signal Process"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2010.2040929","article-title":"A gradient-based variable step size scheme for kurtosis of estimated error","volume":"17","author":"Hwang","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2011.2181505","article-title":"A new variable step-size NLMS algorithm and its performance analysis","volume":"60","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2003.821722","article-title":"Variable step-size NLMS and affine projection algorithms","volume":"11","author":"Shin","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2003.821649","article-title":"A generalized normalized gradient descent algorithm","volume":"11","author":"Mandic","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2015.04.021","article-title":"A simplified variable step-size LMS algorithm for Fourier analysis and its statistical properties","volume":"117","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSII.2006.877280","article-title":"Robust regularization for nor-malized LMS algorithms","volume":"53","author":"Choi","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2020.2995244","article-title":"Fast and robust variable-step-size LMS algorithm for adaptive beamforming","volume":"19","author":"Jalal","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2016.09.020","article-title":"Parameter estimation and tracking of sinusoid using variable-step-size LMS algorithms","volume":"127","author":"Garg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3489","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-020-07544-3","article-title":"Nonlinear acoustic echo canceller to combat sigmoid-type nonlinearities under noisy environment","volume":"114","author":"Kohli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1605","article-title":"Noise-robust variable-step LMS algorithm and its application in OFDM underwater acoustic channel equalization","volume":"42","author":"Sui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Syst. Eng. Electron. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiao, G., Zhao, Y.J., Liu, S.Z., and Ahmed, N. (2020, January 14\u201318). The effect of acoustic-shell coupling on near-end self-interference signal of in-band full-duplex underwater acoustic communication modem. Proceedings of the 2020 17th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences and Technology (IBCAST)), Islamabad, Pakistan.","DOI":"10.1109\/IBCAST47879.2020.9044520"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/12\/2924\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:34:49Z","timestamp":1760139289000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/12\/2924"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,18]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14122924"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14122924","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,18]]}}}