{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:39:57Z","timestamp":1760229597984,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,19]],"date-time":"2022-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61701140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61701140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["61701140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61701140"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In high-frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR) systems, clutter is a common phenomenon that causes objects to be submerged. Space-time adaptive processing (STAP), which uses two-dimensional data to increase the degrees of freedom, has recently become a crucial tool for clutter suppression in advanced HFSWR systems. However, in STAP, the pattern is distorted if a clutter component is contained in the main lobe, which leads to errors in estimating the target angle and Doppler frequency. To solve the main-lobe distortion problem, this study developed a clutter-suppression method based on beam reshaping (BR). In this method, clutter components were estimated and maximally suppressed in the side lobe while ensuring that the main lobe remained intact. The results of the proposed algorithm were evaluated by comparison with those of standard STAP and sparse-representation STAP (SR-STAP). Among the tested algorithms, the proposed BR algorithm had the best suppression performance and the most accurate main-lobe peak response, thereby preserving the target angle and Doppler frequency information. The BR algorithm can assist with target detection and tracking despite a background with ionospheric clutter.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14122935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,19]],"date-time":"2022-06-19T21:19:26Z","timestamp":1655673566000},"page":"2935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Space-Time Adaptive Processing Clutter-Suppression Algorithm Based on Beam Reshaping for High-Frequency Surface Wave Radar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6606-0717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaming","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5423-5070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Dezhu","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2017.2673806","article-title":"Automatic detection of ship targets based on wavelet transform for HF surface wavelet radar","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. 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