{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:04:11Z","timestamp":1787029451649,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]],"date-time":"2022-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"NSF and USDA\u2019s Signals in the Soil (SitS) program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021-67019-34342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-67019-34342"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"NSF and USDA\u2019s Signals in the Soil (SitS) program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NR1874820006C003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NR1874820006C003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"USDA and NRCS cooperative agreement","award":["2021-67019-34342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-67019-34342"]}]},{"name":"USDA and NRCS cooperative agreement","award":["NR1874820006C003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NR1874820006C003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tidal wetlands, widely considered the most extensive reservoir of soil organic carbon (SOC), can benefit from remote sensing studies enabling spatiotemporal estimation and mapping of SOC stock. We found that a majority of the remote-sensing-based SOC mapping efforts have been focused on upland ecosystems, not on tidal wetlands. We present a comprehensive review detailing the types of remote sensing models and methods used, standard input variables, results, and limitations for the handful of studies on tidal wetland SOC. Based on that synthesis, we pose several unexplored research questions and methods that are critical for moving tidal wetland SOC science forward. Among these, the applicability of machine learning and deep learning models for predicting surface SOC and the modeling requirements for SOC in subsurface soils (soils without a remote sensing signal, i.e., a soil depth greater than 5 cm) are the most important. We did not find any remote sensing study aimed at modeling subsurface SOC in tidal wetlands. Since tidal wetlands store a significant amount of SOC at greater depths, we hypothesized that surface SOC could be an important covariable along with other biophysical and climate variables for predicting subsurface SOC. Preliminary results using field data from tidal wetlands in the southeastern United States and machine learning model output from mangrove ecosystems in India revealed a strong nonlinear but significant relationship (r2 = 0.68 and 0.20, respectively, p &lt; 2.2 \u00d7 10\u221216 for both) between surface and subsurface SOC at different depths. We investigated the applicability of the Soil Survey Geographic Database (SSURGO) for tidal wetlands by comparing the data with SOC data from the Smithsonian\u2019s Coastal Blue Carbon Network collected during the same decade and found that the SSURGO data consistently over-reported SOC stock in tidal wetlands. We concluded that a novel machine learning framework that utilizes remote sensing data and derived products, the standard covariables reported in the limited literature, and more importantly, other new and potentially informative covariables specific to tidal wetlands such as tidal inundation frequency and height, vegetation species, and soil algal biomass could improve remote-sensing-based tidal wetland SOC studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14122940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]],"date-time":"2022-06-21T04:39:55Z","timestamp":1655786395000},"page":"2940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Remote Sensing of Surface and Subsurface Soil Organic Carbon in Tidal Wetlands: A Review and Ideas for Future Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4201-5457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajneesh","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8192-7681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepak R.","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2800-675X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew R.","family":"Levi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6012-4492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lori A.","family":"Sutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology & Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1080\/02757250109532435","article-title":"A Review of Wetlands Remote Sensing and Defining New Considerations","volume":"20","author":"Rundquist","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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