{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T20:47:19Z","timestamp":1782766039863,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]],"date-time":"2022-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42077230 and 42130709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42077230 and 42130709"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021QZKK0204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021QZKK0204"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program","award":["42077230 and 42130709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42077230 and 42130709"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program","award":["2021QZKK0204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021QZKK0204"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Debris flow risk comprehensively reflects the natural and social properties of debris flow disasters and is composed of the risk of the disaster-causing body and the vulnerability of the carrier. The Bailong River Basin (BRB) is a typical mountainous environment where regional debris flow disasters occur frequently, seriously threatening the lives of residents, infrastructure, and regional ecological security. However, there are few studies on the risk assessment of mountainous debris flow disasters in the BRB. By considering a complete catchment, based on remote sensing and GIS methods, we selected 17 influencing factors, such as area, average slope, lithology, NPP, average annual precipitation, landslide density, river density, fault density, etc. and applied a machine learning algorithm to establish a hazard assessment model. The analysis shows that the Extra Trees model is the most effective for debris flow hazard assessments, with an accuracy rate of 88%. Based on socio-economic data and debris flow disaster survey data, we established a vulnerability assessment model by applying the Contributing Weight Superposition method. We used the product of debris flow hazard and vulnerability to construct a debris flow risk assessment model. The catchments at a very high-risk were distributed mainly in the urban area of Wudu District and the northern part of Tanchang County, that is, areas with relatively dense economic activities and a high disaster frequency. These findings indicate that the assessment results provide scientific support for planning measures to prevent or reduce debris flow hazards. The proposed assessment methods can also be used to provide relevant guidance for a regional risk assessment of debris flows in the BRB and other regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14122942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]],"date-time":"2022-06-21T04:39:55Z","timestamp":1655786395000},"page":"2942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Risk Assessment of Debris Flow in a Mountain-Basin Area, Western China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Environmental Systems, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongxia","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Environmental Systems, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geng","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Environmental Systems, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuangying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Environmental Systems, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1180-8868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zengzu","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Environmental Systems, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3102-6193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingmin","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Gansu Tech Innovation Centre for Environmental Geology and Geohazard Prevention, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"International Science & Technology Cooperation Base for Geohazards Monitoring, Warning & Prevention, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2113416118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2113416118","article-title":"Strategic protection of landslide vulnerable mountains for biodiversity conservation under land-cover and climate change impacts","volume":"119","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. 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