{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T19:26:36Z","timestamp":1768073196439,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]],"date-time":"2022-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["WUT: 2022IVA035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WUT: 2022IVA035"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) can provide high-precision three-dimensional real-time or quasi-real-time changes of monitoring points automatically in house monitoring applications. However, due to the signal sheltering problem, large observation noise and multipath effects in urban observing environment with dense buildings, ambiguity resolution would be hard, and GNSS accuracy cannot always achieve millimeter level to satisfy the requirement of house monitoring. Static level is a precision instrument for measuring elevation difference and its variations, with a precision up to sub-millimeter level. It could be integrated with GNSS to improve the positioning accuracy in height direction. However, the existing integration of GNSS and static level is mostly on a respective results level. In this study, we proposed a method of integrating GNSS and static level observations tightly to enhance the GNSS positioning performance. The hardware design and integration mathematic model in data processing were introduced, and a group of experiments were carried out to verify the performance in positioning with and without the static level observation constraints. It found that the vertical monitoring measurement results of static level can achieve less than 1 mm. The GNSS ambiguity resolution performance can be improved by incorporating the measurement of static level into GNSS positioning equation as external constraints, and the precision of GNSS float solutions was significantly improved. Finally, the static level constraint can further improve the accuracy of the fixed solution from about 2 cm to better than 2 mm in vertical direction, which is even better than the accuracy in horizontal directions with about 3\u20136 mm with the static level constraint. The tight combination data processing algorithm can significantly improve the working efficiency, accuracy, and reliability of the application of dangerous house monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14122943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]],"date-time":"2022-06-21T04:39:55Z","timestamp":1655786395000},"page":"2943","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Tight Integration of GNSS and Static Level for High Accuracy Dilapidated House Deformation Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jian","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8199-8076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weiming","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3310-3789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Xuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruijie","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"57","article-title":"Old and Dilapidated Buildings Dynamic Monitoring and Its Safety Management","volume":"45","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. 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