{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T17:37:19Z","timestamp":1773855439534,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]],"date-time":"2022-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program","award":["2019QZKK0905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0905"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program","award":["U1703244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1703244"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program","award":["SKLFSE-ZY-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLFSE-ZY-20"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program","award":["SKLGDUEK 1904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLGDUEK 1904"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2019QZKK0905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0905"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U1703244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1703244"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["SKLFSE-ZY-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLFSE-ZY-20"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["SKLGDUEK 1904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLGDUEK 1904"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering","award":["2019QZKK0905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0905"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering","award":["U1703244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1703244"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering","award":["SKLFSE-ZY-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLFSE-ZY-20"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering","award":["SKLGDUEK 1904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLGDUEK 1904"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of the State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering","award":["2019QZKK0905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0905"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of the State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering","award":["U1703244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1703244"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of the State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering","award":["SKLFSE-ZY-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLFSE-ZY-20"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of the State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering","award":["SKLGDUEK 1904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLGDUEK 1904"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The block-stone embankment is a special type of embankment widely used to protect the stability of the underlying warm and ice-rich permafrost. Under the influence of multiple factors, certain damages will still occur in the block-stone embankment after a period of operation, which may weaken or destroy its cooling function, introducing more serious damages to the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Highway (QTH). Ground-penetrating radar (GPR), a nondestructive testing technique, was adopted to investigate the damage properties of the damaged block-stone embankment. GPR imagery, together with the other data and methods (structural characteristics, field survey data, GPR parameters, etc.), indicated four categories of damage: (i) loosening of the upper sand-gravel layer; (ii) loosening of the block-stone layer; (iii) settlement of the block-stone layer; and (iv) dense filling of the block-stones layer. The first two conditions were widely distributed, whereas the settlement and dense filling of the block-stone layer were less so, and the other combined damages also occurred frequently. The close correlation between the different damages indicated a causal relationship. A preliminary discussion of these observations about the influences on the formation of the damage of the block-stone embankment is included. The findings provide some points of reference for the future construction and maintenance of block-stone embankments in permafrost regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14122950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]],"date-time":"2022-06-21T04:39:55Z","timestamp":1655786395000},"page":"2950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Damage Properties of the Block-Stone Embankment in the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Highway Using Ground-Penetrating Radar Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4760-7892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shunshun","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Da Xing\u2019anling Observation and Research Station of Frozen-Ground Engineering and Environment, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jagedaqi 165000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4651-6251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Da Xing\u2019anling Observation and Research Station of Frozen-Ground Engineering and Environment, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jagedaqi 165000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5357-2681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Da Xing\u2019anling Observation and Research Station of Frozen-Ground Engineering and Environment, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jagedaqi 165000, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3913-2636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingtang","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750014, China"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Da Xing\u2019anling Observation and Research Station of Frozen-Ground Engineering and Environment, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jagedaqi 165000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3652-3957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingsong","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Da Xing\u2019anling Observation and Research Station of Frozen-Ground Engineering and Environment, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jagedaqi 165000, China"}]},{"given":"Yapeng","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Da Xing\u2019anling Observation and Research Station of Frozen-Ground Engineering and Environment, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jagedaqi 165000, China"}]},{"given":"Liyun","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8253-234X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hailiang","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-232X(02)00026-5","article-title":"Thermal regime in the embankment of Qinghai\u2013Tibetan Highway in permafrost regions","volume":"35","author":"Yu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cold Reg. 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