{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T23:38:20Z","timestamp":1780097900274,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]],"date-time":"2022-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42104011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104011"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["ZR2021QD069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021QD069"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2019YFC1509205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC1509205"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["JP210004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP210004"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["42104011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104011"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["ZR2021QD069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021QD069"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["2019YFC1509205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC1509205"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["JP210004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP210004"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["42104011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104011"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["ZR2021QD069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021QD069"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2019YFC1509205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC1509205"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["JP210004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP210004"]}]},{"name":"Sinopec Science and Technology Entry Program","award":["42104011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104011"]}]},{"name":"Sinopec Science and Technology Entry Program","award":["ZR2021QD069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021QD069"]}]},{"name":"Sinopec Science and Technology Entry Program","award":["2019YFC1509205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC1509205"]}]},{"name":"Sinopec Science and Technology Entry Program","award":["JP210004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP210004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The BeiDou global navigation satellite system (BDS-3) has been officially providing a real-time precise point positioning (PPP) augmentation service, known as the PPP-B2b service, since 2020. Decimeter-level positioning accuracy is expected to be achieved based on the PPP-B2b service. It shows great potential for global navigation satellite system (GNSS) real-time applications, including, for example, vehicle positioning on land. However, the application of the PPP-B2b service is still full of challenges in the urban environment because of GNSS signal blockage. The inertial navigation system (INS) is a popular technology which can provide continuous positions under GNSS challenging scenarios. In this study, we constructed a BDS-3 PPP-B2b\/INS loosely coupled integration system for vehicle positioning and evaluated its performance through two automotive experiments. In the first experiment, four periods of 30 s GNSS outages were simulated to evaluate the performance of PPP-B2b\/INS loosely coupled integration during GNSS outages. During the simulated GNSS outages, PPP-B2b positioning did not work. Nevertheless, PPP-B2b\/INS loosely coupled integration provided continues solution through INS mechanization. The averaged positioning errors at the last epoch of outages were 300.6\/498.0\/41.0 cm for PPP-B2b\/MEMS-IMU and 18.6\/21.8\/6.1 cm for PPP-B2b\/Tactical-IMU loosely coupled integration, in the east, north and up directions, respectively. In the second experiment, we drove the land vehicle in a complex urban environment for 15 min. During this period, two GNSS signal interruptions occurred due to the occlusion of bridges, lasting 15 s and 5 s, respectively. The results show that the improvement of positioning accuracy in the east, north, and up components were 64.1%, 77.8%, and 73.8% respectively for PPP-B2b\/MEMS-IMU loosely coupled integration, and 63.9%, 79.5%, and 74.4% respectively for PPP-B2b\/Tactical-IMU loosely coupled integration, as compared to the positioning accuracy of PPP-B2b only.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14132957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T04:12:01Z","timestamp":1655871121000},"page":"2957","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Performance Assessment of BDS-3 PPP-B2b\/INS Loosely Coupled Integration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6033-7989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaofei","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0051-0417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhixi","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8684-6610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinghuai","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shengli Branch, Sinopec Geophysical Corporation, Dongying 257100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28223","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JB900268","article-title":"Instantaneous geodetic positioning at medium distances with the Global Positioning System","volume":"105","author":"Bock","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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