{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T20:18:38Z","timestamp":1780777118546,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Globally, estimating crop acreage and yield is one of the most critical issues that policy and decision makers need for assessing annual crop productivity and food supply. Nowadays, satellite remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) can enable the estimation of these crop production parameters over large geographic areas. The present work aims to estimate the wheat (Triticum aestivum) acreage and yield of Maharajganj, Uttar Pradesh, India, using satellite-based data products and the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) model. Uttar Pradesh is the largest wheat-producing state in India, and this district is well known for its quality organic wheat. India is the leader in wheat grain export, and, hence, its monitoring of growth and yield is one of the top economic priorities of the country. For the calculation of wheat acreage, we performed supervised classification using the Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine classifiers and compared their classification accuracy based on ground-truthing. We found that RF performed a significantly accurate acreage assessment (kappa coefficient 0.84) compared to SVM (0.68). The CASA model was then used to calculate the winter crop (Rabi, winter-sown, and summer harvested) wheat net primary productivity (NPP) in the study area for the 2020\u20132021 growth season using the RF-based acreage product. The model used for wheat NPP-yield conversion (CASA) showed 3100.27 to 5000.44 kg\/ha over 148,866 ha of the total wheat area. The results showed that in the 2020\u20132021 growing season, all the districts of Uttar Pradesh had similar wheat growth trends. A total of 30 observational data points were used to verify the CASA model-based estimates of wheat yield. Field-based verification shows that the estimated yield correlates well with the observed yield (R2 = 0.554, RMSE = 3.36 Q\/ha, MAE \u22120.56 t ha\u22121, and MRE = \u22124.61%). Such an accuracy for assessing regional wheat yield can prove to be one of the promising methods for calculating the whole region\u2019s agricultural yield. The study concludes that RF classifier-based yield estimation has shown more accurate results and can meet the requirements of a regional-scale wheat grain yield estimation and, thus, can prove highly beneficial in policy and decision making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14133005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T22:43:00Z","timestamp":1656024180000},"page":"3005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Assessing the Yield of Wheat Using Satellite Remote Sensing-Based Machine Learning Algorithms and Simulation Modeling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2913-9199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gowhar","family":"Meraj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Climate Change & Water Research (C3WR), Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur 302017, India"},{"name":"Department of Ecology, Environment & Remote Sensing, Government of Jammu & Kashmir, SDA Colony Bemina, Srinagar 190018, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0275-5493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shruti","family":"Kanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Climate Change & Water Research (C3WR), Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur 302017, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhijeet","family":"Ambadkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Climate Change & Water Research (C3WR), Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur 302017, India"},{"name":"LeadsConnect Services Pvt. Ltd., 16th Floor, World Trade Tower, Plot No. C-001, Sector 16, Noida 201301, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7099-7297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pankaj","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Hayama 240-0115, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9420-2804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suraj Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sustainable Development, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur 302017, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Farooq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Climate Change & Water Research (C3WR), Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur 302017, India"},{"name":"Department of Ecology, Environment & Remote Sensing, Government of Jammu & Kashmir, SDA Colony Bemina, Srinagar 190018, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1911-3585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian Alan","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Hayama 240-0115, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akshay","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LeadsConnect Services Pvt. Ltd., 16th Floor, World Trade Tower, Plot No. C-001, Sector 16, Noida 201301, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8505-7185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Netrananda","family":"Sahu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2009.2037163","article-title":"Evaluating the utility of remotely sensed soil moisture retrievals for operational agricultural drought monitoring","volume":"3","author":"Bolten","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. 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