{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:42:11Z","timestamp":1760229731881,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41974032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41974032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Precise point positioning (PPP) technology is one of the core technologies in the field of GNSS high-precision positioning. It is used widely because it can realize centimeter-level positioning in outdoor environments by using only a single receiver. However, its convergence is time-consuming, particularly in urban areas where satellite occlusion is more severe. A combined BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and fifth generation mobile communication technology (5G) PPP observation model is proposed, in which the two kinds of observations are combined and solved at the original observation level. The impact of different numbers and geometries of 5G base stations on the convergence time of PPP is analyzed from both static and dynamic perspectives. The results confirm that PPP technology combining BDS and 5G can effectively accelerate convergence while improving the accuracy of positioning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14133006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T22:43:00Z","timestamp":1656024180000},"page":"3006","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Performance Analysis of BDS\u20135G Combined Precise Point Positioning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Fangxin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shu Yuan Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yu Quan Road, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4706-5373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shu Yuan Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yu Quan Road, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation and Timing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shu Yuan Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ju","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shu Yuan Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yu Quan Road, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shixuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shu Yuan Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yu Quan Road, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingyue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shu Yuan Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yu Quan Road, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaochun","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shu Yuan Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yu Quan Road, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation and Timing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shu Yuan Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s43020-020-00014-y","article-title":"PPP models and performances from single- to quad-frequency BDS observations","volume":"1","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Satell. 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