{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T11:03:08Z","timestamp":1762254188887,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pays de la Loire Region"},{"name":"French Ministry of Research and Higher Education and \u00c9cole Centrale de Nantes"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To achieve more accurate weather and climate forecasting, and propose efficient engineering solutions for exploiting offshore renewable energies, it is imperative to accurately describe the atmospheric turbulent flow in the offshore environment. The ocean\u2019s dynamics raise specific challenges for the aforementioned applications, as they significantly alter the atmospheric flow through complex wind\u2013wave interactions. These interactions are important in fairly common situations and notably in old-sea conditions, where ocean waves travel fast, under comparatively slow wind velocities. In the present study, a scanning LiDAR (sLiDAR) was deployed on the shore to study micro-scale wind\u2013wave interactions by performing horizontal scans 18 m above the ocean, and as far as 2 km from the coast. In the proposed configuration, and in the test cases presented in old seas, the sLiDAR captures wave-induced disturbances propagating into the lower part of the marine atmospheric boundary layer. Based on measurements of high-resolution space\u2013time maps of the Radial Wind Speed, an original two-dimensional spectral analysis of the space\u2013time auto-correlation functions was performed. Unlike more conventional data-processing techniques, and as long as the waves travel sufficiently (\u223ctwofold) faster than the mean wind at the measurement height, the upward transfer of motions from the waves to the wind can be clearly distinguished from the atmospheric turbulence in the wave-number\u2013angular-frequency (k\u2013w) turbulent spectra. These are the first space\u2013time auto-correlation functions of the wind velocity fluctuations obtained at micro-scales above the ocean. The analyses demonstrate sLiDAR systems\u2019 applicability in measuring k\u2013w-dependent turbulent spectra in the coastal environment. The findings present new perspectives for the study of micro-scale wind\u2013wave interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14133007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T22:43:00Z","timestamp":1656024180000},"page":"3007","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Evidence of Ocean Waves Signature in the Space\u2013Time Turbulent Spectra of the Lower Marine Atmosphere Measured by a Scanning LiDAR"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0431-3114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liad","family":"Paskin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9, \u00c9cole Centrale Nantes, CNRS, LHEEA, UMR 6598, F-44000 Nantes, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8464-6551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris","family":"Conan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9, \u00c9cole Centrale Nantes, CNRS, LHEEA, UMR 6598, F-44000 Nantes, France"}]},{"given":"Yves","family":"Perignon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9, \u00c9cole Centrale Nantes, CNRS, LHEEA, UMR 6598, F-44000 Nantes, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0440-3005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandrine","family":"Aubrun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9, \u00c9cole Centrale Nantes, CNRS, LHEEA, UMR 6598, F-44000 Nantes, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1080\/14786447108640585","article-title":"Hydrokinetic Solutions and Observations","volume":"42","author":"Thomson","year":"1871","journal-title":"Philos. 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