{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T12:47:15Z","timestamp":1780577235266,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The space-borne microwave radiometers and scatterometers can effectively measure global sea surface winds under non-precipitation. However, the measurements in rainy conditions significantly degrade, which are usually flagged as poor quality or invalidated for some scientific purposes. This paper develops a combined active\u2013passive wind vector retrieval model for rainy conditions based on the HY-2B radiometer and scatterometer measurements. In our model, the polarization ratio of brightness temperatures at 6.925 GHz (PR06) is used as an indicator to implicitly represent the rain effect. For wind speed retrieval, a statistical regression model is trained as a function of PR06 and brightness temperatures of the radiometer. Moreover, two new geophysical model functions, including rain effect, are developed for wind direction inversion. Comparisons between HY-2B retrieval results and ERA5 wind products indicate that the retrieval model performs well under all rainy conditions. The overall root mean squared errors (RMSEs) of wind speed and direction retrievals are 1.60 m\/s and 20.60\u00b0, respectively. With an increase in the rain rate, the wind retrieval performance degrades slightly and still provides a reliable retrieval result.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14133016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T22:43:00Z","timestamp":1656024180000},"page":"3016","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Sea Surface Wind Retrieval under Rainy Conditions from Active and Passive Microwave Measurements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Shubo","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China Academy of Space Technology (Xi\u2019an), Xi\u2019an 710100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Academy of Space Technology (Xi\u2019an), Xi\u2019an 710100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojiao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Academy of Space Technology (Xi\u2019an), Xi\u2019an 710100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1034-3176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ailing","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Academy of Space Technology (Xi\u2019an), Xi\u2019an 710100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Academy of Space Technology (Xi\u2019an), Xi\u2019an 710100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongxing","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Academy of Space Technology (Xi\u2019an), Xi\u2019an 710100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2012.05.002","article-title":"Scatterometer wind vector products for application in meteorology and oceanography","volume":"74","author":"Vogelzang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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