{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T09:42:52Z","timestamp":1769852572374,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,25]],"date-time":"2022-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFE0106700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFE0106700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42071415"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071415"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202300410049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202300410049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFE0106700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFE0106700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42071415"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071415"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202300410049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202300410049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Outstanding Youth Foundation of Henan Natural Science","award":["2021YFE0106700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFE0106700"]}]},{"name":"Outstanding Youth Foundation of Henan Natural Science","award":["42071415"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071415"]}]},{"name":"Outstanding Youth Foundation of Henan Natural Science","award":["202300410049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202300410049"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The principal difficulty in extracting urban surface water using remote-sensing techniques is the influence of noise from complex urban environments. Although various methods exist, there are still many sources of noise interference when extracting urban surface water, and automatic cartographic methods with long time series are especially scarce. Here, we construct an automatic urban surface water extraction method from the combination of traditional water index, urban shadow index (USI), and land surface temperature (LST) by using the Google Earth Engine cloud computing platform and Landsat imagery. The three principal findings derived from the application of the method were as follows. (i) In comparison with autumn and winter, LST in spring and summer could better distinguish water from high-reflection ground objects, shadows, and roads and roofs covered by asphalt. (ii) The overall accuracy of Automated Water Extraction Index (AWEIsh) in Zhengzhou was 77.5% and the Kappa coefficient was 0.55; with consideration of the USI and LST, the overall accuracy increased to 96.0% and the Kappa coefficient increased to 0.92. (iii) During 1990\u20132020, the area of urban surface water in Zhengzhou increased, with an evident trend in expansion from 11.51 km2 in 2008 to 49.28 km2 in 2020. Additionally, possible omissions attributable to using 30m-resolution imagery to extract urban water areas were also discussed. The method proposed in this study was proven effective in eliminating the influence of noise in urban areas, and it could be used as a general method for high-accuracy long-term mapping of urban surface water.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14133060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]],"date-time":"2022-06-26T22:50:23Z","timestamp":1656283823000},"page":"3060","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Novel Approach for Automatic Urban Surface Water Mapping with Land Surface Temperature (AUSWM)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4030-4976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaoping","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University), Ministry of Education, Kaifeng 475004, China"},{"name":"College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"},{"name":"The First Geological Exploration Institute of Henan Bureau of Geo-Exploration and Mineral Development, Zhengzhou 450000, China"},{"name":"Henan Science and Technology Innovation Center for Natural Resources (Dynamic Monitoring and Early Warning Technology of Geological Environment), Zhengzhou 450000, China"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University), Ministry of Education, Kaifeng 475004, China"},{"name":"College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University), Ministry of Education, Kaifeng 475004, China"},{"name":"College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}]},{"given":"Zhifang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University), Ministry of Education, Kaifeng 475004, China"},{"name":"College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5687-803X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinwei","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7416-9234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University), Ministry of Education, Kaifeng 475004, China"},{"name":"College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2018.10.015","article-title":"Quantifying the cooling-effects of urban and peri-urban wetlands using remote sensing data: Case study of cities of Northeast China","volume":"182","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Landsc. 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