{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T01:50:51Z","timestamp":1782784251163,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]],"date-time":"2022-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Victorian Grains Innovation Partnership project 2A","award":["9176493"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9176493"]}]},{"name":"Victorian Grains Innovation Partnership project 2A","award":["DAV00152"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DAV00152"]}]},{"name":"Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC)","award":["9176493"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9176493"]}]},{"name":"Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC)","award":["DAV00152"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DAV00152"]}]},{"name":"Agriculture Victoria Research (AVR)","award":["9176493"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9176493"]}]},{"name":"Agriculture Victoria Research (AVR)","award":["DAV00152"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DAV00152"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Remote sensing from optical radiometers in space offers a nondestructive approach to estimating above ground biomass (AGB) with high spatial and temporal resolution, but the application is challenged by cloud cover and differences in soil background and crop phenology. We present a framework based on Sentinel-2 imagery for relating the adjusted summed NDVI measurements to the AGB. The resulting R2 values for the measured and estimated AGB ranged from 0.79 to 0.98 for individual paddocks, and the R2 from a pooled dataset (multiple crops, years, and locations) was 0.86. Application of the pooled dataset model to a separate validation dataset resulted in an R2 of 0.88; however, there was a bias that resulted in the underestimation of the measured biomass. Analysis of the impacts of the gaps in the time series showed a decrease of 0.43% per gap day for the summed NDVI values. To address the impacts of clouds, we demonstrate the use of active optical and additional satellite imagery to fill the gaps due to clouds in the Sentinel-2 imagery. The framework presented results of the spatial daily estimates of the AGB and crop growth rates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14133071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]],"date-time":"2022-06-26T22:50:23Z","timestamp":1656283823000},"page":"3071","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Spatial and Temporal Biomass and Growth for Grain Crops Using NDVI Time Series"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9852-937X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eileen","family":"Perry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, 1 Taylor Street, Epsom, VIC 3551, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2624-9739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn","family":"Sheffield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doug","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, 1301 Hazeldean Road, Ellinbank, VIC 3821, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7236-7600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Akpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, 110 Natimuk Road, Horsham, VIC 3400, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Clancy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, 110 Natimuk Road, Horsham, VIC 3400, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for eResearch and Digital Innovation, Federation University, University Dr., Mount Helen, VIC 3350, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(81)90018-3","article-title":"Remote sensing of total dry-matter accumulation in winter wheat","volume":"11","author":"Tucker","year":"1981","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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