{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:44:09Z","timestamp":1760229849192,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003981","name":"Agenzia Spaziale Italiana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N. 2020-5-HH.0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N. 2020-5-HH.0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003981","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gamma-Flash is an Italian program devoted to the realization of both a ground-based and an airborne gamma-ray and neutron detection system, for in situ measurements of high-energy phenomena correlated to thunderstorm activity, such as Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs), gamma-ray glows, and associated neutron emissions. The ground-based Gamma-Flash experiment is currently under installation at the Osservatorio Climatico \u201cOttavio Vittori\u201d (CNR-ISAC) on Mt. Cimone, in Northern-Central Italy (2165 m a.s.l.), and it will be operational starting in Summer 2022. We studied the detectability of TGFs in the surroundings of the ground-based Gamma-Flash experiment, to identify an investigable spatial region around the detectors from which typical TGFs can survive and be revealed onground. We carried out numerical simulations of gamma-ray propagation in the mid-latitude atmosphere, and we developed a qualitative analytical model to integrate the results. This analysis allows one to identify a spatial region extending up to 4 km distance on ground and up to 10 km altitude a.s.l., considering typical TGFs emitting \u223c1018 gamma-ray photons at the source. Lightning sferics data acquired by the LINET network demonstrate that such a region is interested by frequent cloud-to-ground and intra-cloud lightning, pointing out the suitability of the location for the purposes of the Gamma-Flash program.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14133103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T01:48:38Z","timestamp":1656467318000},"page":"3103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Study on TGF Detectability at 2165 m Altitude: Estimates for the Mountain-Based Gamma-Flash Experiment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7253-9721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Ursi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology (IAPS)-National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4683-230X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Rodriguez Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 di Roma \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, I-00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3650-808X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Tiberia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC)-National Research Council (CNR), Institute for Atmospheric Science and Climate, I-00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2279-9119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Virgilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astrophysics and Space Science Observatory (OAS)-National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), National Institute for Astrophysics, I-4012 Bologna, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6740-5051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Arnone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 di Torino, I-10124 Turin, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6966-3628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Preziosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department and NAST Centre, Universit\u00e0 di Roma \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, I-00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4794-5453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Campana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astrophysics and Space Science Observatory (OAS)-National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), National Institute for Astrophysics, I-4012 Bologna, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2893-1459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Tavani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology (IAPS)-National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 di Roma \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, I-00133 Rome, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-9601(92)90348-P","article-title":"Runaway electron mechanism of air breakdown and preconditioning during a thunderstorm","volume":"165","author":"Gurevich","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phys. 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