{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T14:08:45Z","timestamp":1783606125318,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52008162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52008162"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019SK2172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019SK2172"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020RC2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020RC2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020M680114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M680114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Hunan Province","award":["52008162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52008162"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Hunan Province","award":["2019SK2172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019SK2172"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Hunan Province","award":["2020RC2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020RC2018"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Hunan Province","award":["2020M680114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M680114"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province","award":["52008162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52008162"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province","award":["2019SK2172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019SK2172"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province","award":["2020RC2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020RC2018"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province","award":["2020M680114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M680114"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"Fellowship of China Postdoctoral Science Foudation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52008162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52008162"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"Fellowship of China Postdoctoral Science Foudation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019SK2172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019SK2172"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"Fellowship of China Postdoctoral Science Foudation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020RC2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020RC2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"Fellowship of China Postdoctoral Science Foudation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020M680114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M680114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For bridges with surface foundations, scour is one of the main reasons for bridge failures. In regard to structural health monitoring, vibration-based scour detection techniques have received increasing attention over the past two decades. Scour occurs below the water surface in rivers or sea, leading to difficulty in equipment installation and maintenance. Recently, the concept of \u201cdrive-by\u201d SHM using the indirect measurement of passing vehicle responses has been developed rapidly due to its convenience and low cost. This paper proposes a method to detect scour using the vehicle responses under an operational vehicle speed. The wavelet transform was applied to vehicle accelerations to obtain the wavelet energy. It was found that the wavelet energy increases with the increase in the scour damage level. However, the wavelet energy may also be affected by the on-site operating environments, such as sensor noise and other variabilities, which interferes with the identification of scour in practice. Hence, in this work, a statistical-wavelet-based approach was presented to effectively detect the presence of scour and even its location. The feasibility of the proposed approach is verified in both numerical simulation and lab experiments. The results show that the proposed method has a good potential to detect scour using indirect measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14133106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T01:48:38Z","timestamp":1656467318000},"page":"3106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Laboratory Investigation on Detecting Bridge Scour Using the Indirect Measurement from a Passing Vehicle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Bin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Wind and Bridge Engineering of Hunan Province, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Wind and Bridge Engineering of Hunan Province, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1106-7943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengjun","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Wind and Bridge Engineering of Hunan Province, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6867-1009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugene J.","family":"OBrien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul C.","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2727-6037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chul-Woo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Earth Resources Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0887-3828(2003)17:3(144)","article-title":"Analysis of recent bridge failures in the United States","volume":"17","author":"Wardhana","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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